Review of Recent Literature on WMD Arms Control,

0,53

MB

Disarmament and Non-Proliferation

73

stron

4549

ID

SIPRI, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

2004

rok

Table of Contents

A. Introduction 1

Main themes and findings 2

Selected areas for further consideration and possible further research 2

B. General guide to the literature 5

Group 1: Descriptive literature 5

Group 2: Predictive literature 7

Group 3: Prescriptive literature 8

Group 4: Educational literature 8

Select bibliography 9

C. Nuclear weapons and arms control 10

The status of military nuclear programmes and activities in nuclear weapon states 10

Missile defence and strategic stability 11

US–Russian nuclear arms reductions 12

Ratification and entry into force of SORT 12

Reducing inventories of non-strategic nuclear weapons 12

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 13

Treaty provisions 13

NPT challenges and controversies 14

Universality and regime legitimacy 14

Article VI and nuclear disarmament 14

The Article IV ‘problem’ 15

NPT withdrawal and non-compliance 16

Adequacy of safeguards arrangements 17

Monitoring compliance with safeguards agreements 17

Regional approaches 18

Nuclear-weapon-free zones 19

Ban on the production of fissile material 20

Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) 21

Entry into force 21

Enhancing transparency in nuclear warhead and fissile material inventories 22

Transparency in fissile material holdings 23

IAEA initiatives to secure nuclear materials and facilities 23

The Nuclear Suppliers Group 24

Selected areas for further consideration and possible research 25

Select bibliography 25

D. Chemical weapons 27

Chemical weapons programmes 27

Declared programmes 27

Substantiated use of chemical weapons 28

Other alleged chemical weapon programmes 28

The control of chemical weapons 29

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) 29

CWC implementation measures 30

Measures to ensure universal membership of the CWC 30

Verification 31

Chemical weapon destruction methods 31

National implementation measures 32

Consultation, cooperation and fact-finding 32

Assistance and protection against chemical weapons 32

Economic and technological development 33

Scientific and technological developments 33

Institutional basis of the Convention 34

Supplier controls 34

Selected areas for further consideration and possible research 34

Select bibliography 35

E. Biological weapons 36

Biological weapon programmes 36

Declared programmes 37

Suspected programmes 37

Control of biological weapons 37

The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) 38

Current issues of concern 38

National implementation and penal legislation 39

Security and oversight of pathogenic and micro-organisms and toxins 40

Responses to outbreaks of disease 39

Codes of conduct or other controls for scientists 41

Supplier controls 42

Selected areas for further consideration and possible research 42

Select bibliography 42

F. Missiles 43

Missile programme developments 43

Missile control arrangements and discussions 44

The Missile Technology Control Regime 44

The Hague Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation 45

Other missile control proposals 46

Selected areas for further consideration and possible research 46

Select bibliography 46

G. Cross-cutting measures 48

The dual-use nature of WMD technologies 48

Controls on dual-use technologies 49

Criminalization 50

Select bibliography 50

Informal export control cooperation 51

Selected areas for further consideration and possible research 54

Select bibliography 54

Active measures against WMD and missile programmes 55

The Proliferation Security Initiative 56

Select bibliography 57

International non-proliferation and disarmament cooperation and assistance 57

The G8 Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction 61

Selected areas for further consideration and possible research 62

Select bibliography 63

The European Union Strategy Against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction 64

Select bibliography 65