Arms Control without Arms Control: The Failure of the

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MB

Biological Weapons Convention Protocol and a New Paradigm

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for Fighting the Threat of Biological Weapons

4553

ID

Institute for National Security Studies

2004

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword vii

Executive Summary ix

Introduction: Addressing the Fear of Biological Warfare 1

In the Garden of Good and Evil: Defining the Problem 4

The Nature of Biology 4

And Its Capacity for Good and Evil 10

The Threat of Biological Warfare: The “Poor Man’s Atomic Bomb” 13

The Early History of Biological Warfare 14

The Current Threat: Rogue States 17

The Current Threat: Non-State Actors 22

The Emperor Has No Clothes: The Failure of the “Verification” Protocol at the BWC Review

Conference 24

Disarmament Efforts Prior to the BWC 25

Rejection of a “Maginot Treaty”: Why the Proposed “Verification” Protocol Failed 28

The Basis for US Rejection of the Protocol 34

The Futility of Verification 39

A New Paradigm for Stopping BW Programs: The Seamless Web of Multifaceted International

Cooperation 45

The National Defense Imperative: First Responders and Bio-Security 49

The Vital Importance of Compliance Diplomacy: Enforcing the BWC 52

International Institutions: The Role of the United Nations 54

Other International Government Organizations (IGOs): Cooperative Mechanisms 58

Regional Collective Security Organizations 69

Industry Associations and Other Nongovernmental Organizations 75

Export Controls 79

International Law Enforcement Initiatives 81

Financing the Spread of Bio Terror: Interdiction Initiatives 83

Arms Control without Arms Control: Fitting the Cure to the Disease 85