Biological Weapons in the Twentieth Century: A Review and

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INTERPARLIAMENTARY EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE ASSEMBLY

2002

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Contents

1. Introduction: Past Estimates in the Twentieth Century

-Unique Aspects of Biological Weapons

2. National Programs in World War I

3. National Programs Prior to and During World War II

4. Post-World War II Programs

-The United States

-The USSR

-Iraq

-South Africa

5. Proliferation

6. The Experience of the Use of Biological Weapons by Non-State Actors

7. International Treaties and Arms Control

8. The BWC Review Conferences and the Verification Protocol

9. Undermining the International Regime: False Allegations of BW Use

10. Important Events in the Past Ten Years: Shocks to the Regime

-The Disclosure of the USSR’s Covert BW Program, Its Magnitude, and Contingent Events

-Iraq, UNSCOM, the UN Security Council Collapse and Its Implications

-The Post-1995 Issue of “BW Terrorism” and the US Furor

11. Prospects for the Future: An Assessment of Where Things Stand and Aspects that May

Stimulate Further Interest in BW