RADIATION SAFETY TRAINING MANUAL

1,65

MB

86

stron

4648

ID

Radiological Control Committee, Southern Illinois University School of

2004

rok

Medicine

TABLE OF CONTENTS

RADIATION SAFETY TRAINING MODULE PAGE

Section 1.0 Introduction 4

Section 2.0 Objectives 5

2.1 Radiation Safety Fundamentals 5

2.2 On-the-Job 6

2.3 Annual Refresher Training 6

Section 3.0 Ionizing Radiation 7

3.1 Atomic Structure 7

3.2 Atomic Number 8

3.3 Radioactivity 9

3.4 Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation 9

Section 4.0 Units of Measurement 11

4.1 Activity 11

4.2 Exposure 11

4.3 Absorbed Dose 12

4.4 Quality Factor 12

4.5 Dose Equivalent 13

Section 5.0 Radioactive Decay 15

5.1 The Nature of Radioactivity 15

5.2 Alpha Particles 15

5.3 Beta Particles 16

5.4 Gamma Rays / X-rays 18

5.5 Neutron Particles 20

5.6 Radioactive Half-life 22

5.7 Radioactive Material Inventory 23

Section 6.0 Sources of Radiation 28

6.1 Natural Sources 28

6.2 Human-made Sources 29

6.3 Comparison of Radiation Doses 30

Section 7.0 Biological Effects 31

7.1 Effects of radiation on Cells 31

7.2 Acute and Chronic Radiation Dose 33

7.3 DNA Effects 36

7.4 Prenatal Radiation Exposure 36

7.5 Dose Response Curves 38

Section 8.0 Occupational Radiation Exposure Risks 40

8.1 Risk from Exposures to Ionizing Radiation 41

8.2 Comparison of Occupational Radiation Risk and 41

Other Risks

8.3 Benefit versus Risk 43

Section 9.0 Dose Limits 44

9.1 Dose Philosophy 44

9.2 Radiation Worker Dose Limits 44

9.3 Declared Pregnant Worker (Embryo/Fetus) 45

Dose Limits

9.4 General Public Dose Limits 46

2

Section 10.0 As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) 48

10.1 Why ALARA? 48

10.2 Responsibilities for the ALARA Program 48

10.3 Personnel Responsibilities for the ALARA 49

Program

10.4 Principles of Radiation Protections 50

Section 11.0 Internal Radiation Protection 51

11.1 Contamination Control 51

11.2 Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) 53

11.3 Food and Drink Policy 53

11.4 Radioactive Waste 54

11.5 Use of Radioactive Materials in Live Animals 55

Section 12.0 External Radiation Protection 57

12.1 Time 57

12.2 Distance 58

12.3 Shielding 59

Section 13.0 Radiation Use Permits 62

13.1 Radiation Safety Office 62

13.2 Radiation Use Authorizations (RUA’s) 62

13.3 Radiological Laboratory Supervisors 63

13.4 Duties and Responsibilities of the RLS and 63

Laboratory Personnel

13.5 Your Responsibilities 64

Section 14.0 Radiological Identification System 66

14.1 Radioactive Materials Use Area 66

14.2 Radiation Area 67

Section 15.0 Radiation Survey Meters 69

15.1 Geiger-Mueller Detector 69

15.2 Liquid Scintillation Detector 69

15.3 NaI Scintillation Detector 70

15.4 Ion Chamber 70

15.5 Calibration 70

15.6 Efficiency 70

Section 16.0 Dosimetry 72

16.1 Types of Dosimetry Used on Campus 72

16.2 Precautions on Use of Dosimetry 72

16.3 Internal Monitoring 73

16.4 Dosimetry Records 73

16.5 State Notification 74

Section 17.0 Emergency Procedures 76

17.1 Personnel Contamination and Exposure 76

17.2 Large Radioactive Spills 77

17.3 Small Radioactive Spills 77

Section 18.0 Summary 80

Appendix A Radiological Signs 81

Appendix B Answers to Study Questions 82