Radioactive Waste Management: Status and Trends

0,58

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50

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4653

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International Atomic Energy Agency

2002

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Table of Contents

FOREWORD. 6

1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 8

2. NATIONAL SYSTEMS FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT. 11

2.1 Topical issue: Sustainable Development and Radioactive Waste.13

2.2 Topical Issue: Assistance to Central European Countries and Former Members of the Soviet

Union (the Newly Independent States) .19

2.3 Topical Issue: Privatization and Liberalization of the Energy Market .21

2.4 Topical Issue: Non-Technical Factors Affecting Decision Making for Radioactive Waste

Management.24

3. THE CLASSIFICATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE. 27

3.1 Exclusion, Exemption and Clearance29

3.2 Non-Radiological Hazards .31

3.3 Spent Nuclear Fuel: Waste or Resource? .31

3.3.1 Topical Issue: Alternatives to HLW Disposal and “Once-Through” Spent Fuel Disposal 33

3.3.2 Topical Issue: Plutonium Recycling.34

4. SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE. 37

4.1 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and non-Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility Operations .37

4.2 Decommissioning .38

4.3 Environmental Remediation / Uranium Mining and Mill Tailings Management.42

4.4 Past Practices .44

4.5 NORM and TE-NORM.44