Fluvial sediment transport: Analytical techniques for measuring

1,52

MB

sediment load

69

stron

4673

ID

International Atomic Energy Agency

2005

rok

CONTENTS

SUMMARY 1

1. INTRODUCTION5

1.1. Scope of the report 5

1.2. Methods presented 5

2. TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING SUSPENDED SEDIMENT (CURRENTLY AVAILABLE) 7

2.1. Directly sampling water/sediment mixture. 7

2.1.1. Grab sample 7

2.1.2. Pump sampling . 8

2.1.3. Isokinetic sampling . 9

2.1.4. Sample analysis. 11

2.2. Optical 14

2.2.1. Scattering 14

2.2.2. Transmission. 16

2.3. Nuclear17

2.3.1. Scattering 17

2.3.2. Transmission. 21

2.4. Acoustic (single frequency) 27

2.4.1. Operating principle . 27

2.4.2. Application guidelines 28

2.5. Laser diffraction .30

2.5.1. Operating principle . 30

2.5.2. Application guidelines 31

2.6. Tracer techniques32

2.6.1. Operating principle . 32

2.6.2. Application guidelines 35

3. TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING SUSPENDED SEDIMENT (UNDER DEVELOPMENT) 36

3.1. Acoustic (multiple frequency) 36

3.2. Pressure differential 36

3.3. Digital imaging.37

4. TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING BEDLOAD (CURRENTLY AVAILABLE) 37

4.1. The pressure-difference type samplers . 37

4.1.1. Operating principle . 37

4.1.2. Application guidelines 39

4.2. Portable bedload traps 39

4.2.1. Operating principle . 40

4.2.2. Application guidelines 41

4.3. Permanent traps 41

4.3.1. Operating principle . 41

4.3.2. Application guidelines 42

4.4. Nuclear gauges .43

4.4.1. Operating principle . 43

4.4.2. Application guidelines 44

4.5. Tracer techniques44

4.5.1. Operating principle . 44

4.5.2. Application guidelines 46

5. TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING BEDLOAD (UNDER DEVELOPMENT) 49

5.1. Passive acoustic 49

5.2. Sonar imaging.49

5.3. Impact sensors 49

6. CONCLUSIONS 50

REFERENCES 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 57

CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW. 61