| | Modelling the environmental transport of tritium in the vicinity |
| | 1,92 | | MB | of long term atmospheric and sub-surface sources |
| | 284 | | stron |
| | 4682 | | ID | International Atomic Energy Agency |
| | 2003 | | rok |
| | CONTENTS |
| | SUMMARY 1 |
| | GENERAL INTRODUCTION 9 |
| | REFERENCES 11 |
| | PART A: MODELLING THE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT OF TRITIUM IN THE VICINITY OF |
| | PERMANENT ATMOSPHERIC SOURCES: |
| | Model-model inter-comparison exercise based on Scenario 1 |
| | A1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 15 |
| | A2. SCENARIO DESCRIPTION 15 |
| | A3. DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES AND MODELLING APPROACHES 16 |
| | A3.1. Transport of tritium in the atmosphere . 16 |
| | A3.2. Wet deposition of tritiated water. 18 |
| | A3.3. Buildup of tritium in soil and plants . 18 |
| | A4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 20 |
| | A4.1. Tritium concentration in air humidity. 20 |
| | A4.2. Tritium concentration in soil and plants . 22 |
| | A5. CONCLUSIONS. 23 |
| | REFERENCES TO PART A . 27 |
| | PART B: MODELLING THE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT OF TRITIUM IN THE VICINITY OF |
| | PERMANENT ATMOSPHERIC SOURCES: A test of chronic atmospheric release models using |
| | Canadian data |
| | B1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 31 |
| | B2. SCENARIO DESCRIPTION 31 |
| | B3. OBSERVATIONS 32 |
| | B4. COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS 33 |
| | B4.1. Air concentrations . 34 |
| | B4.2. Rain concentrations. 36 |
| | B4.3. Soil concentrations 37 |
| | B4.4. Plant water concentrations 40 |
| | B4.5. OBT concentrations 44 |
| | B4.6. Soil and plant HTO concentrations at specific times 46 |
| | B5. CONCLUSIONS. 47 |
| | REFERENCES TO PART B 49 |
| | PART C: MODELLING THE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT OF TRITIUM IN |
| | THE VICINITY OF PERMANENT ATMOSPHERIC SOURCES: |
| | A test of chronic atmospheric release models using Russian data |
| | C1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 53 |
| | C2. SCENARIO DESCRIPTION 53 |
| | C3. MONITORING TECHNIQUES. 55 |
| | C3.1. Tritium on-site sampling and analysis 55 |
| | C3.2. Sampling technique. 55 |
| | C3.3. Sample processing. 55 |
| | C3.4. Measuring tritium content. 55 |
| | C3.5. Meteorology 56 |
| | C4. MODELS AND PARTICPANTS. 56 |
| | C5. COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS 57 |
| | C5.1. Atmospheric humidity. 59 |
| | C5.2. TFWT concentration . 61 |
| | C5.3. Soil moisture . 62 |
| | C5.4. Snow water 64 |
| | C6. CONCLUSIONS. 66 |
| | REFERENCES TO PART C 74 |
| | PART D: MODELLING THE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT OF TRITIUM IN THE VICINITY OF |
| | PERMANENT ATMOSPHERIC SOURCES: A test of chronic atmospheric release models using |
| | French data |
| | D1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 77 |
| | D2. SCENARIO DESCRIPTION 77 |
| | D3. MEASUREMENTS 78 |
| | D4. COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS WITH OBSERVATIONS. 79 |
| | D4.1. Tritium concentrations in air. 79 |
| | D4.2. Tritium concentrations in plant water . 81 |
| | D4.3. Ttriium concentrations in rain. 83 |
| | D4.4. OBT concentrations 85 |
| | D4.4.1. OBT concentrations in beech tree rings 85 |
| | D4.4.2. OBT concentrations in oak leaves 85 |
| | D4.4.3. Discussion. 86 |
| | D5. CONCLUSIONS. 86 |
| | PART E: MODELLING THE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT OF TRITIUM IN THE VICINITY OF |
| | PERMANENT ATMOSPHERIC SOURCES: Model inter-comparison exercise on sub-surface |
| | infiltration pathways following long term atmospheric releases |
| | E1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 99 |
| | E2. SCENARIO DESCRIPTION 99 |
| | E3. DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES AND |
| | MODELLING APPROACHES 100 |
| | E3.1. Transport of tritium to the watertable . 100 |
| | E3.2. Transport and decay of tritium in groundwater. 101 |
| | E3.2.1. Numerical modelling approach 101 |
| | E3.2.2. Tentative analytical modelling approach 102 |
| | E4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 104 |
| | E5. CONCLUSIONS. 106 |
| | REFERENCES TO PART E 107 |
| | PART F: MODELLING THE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT OF TRITIUM IN THE VICINITY OF |
| | PERMANENT ATMOSPHERIC SOURCES: Model-model intercomparison exercise on predicting the |
| | rise of tritium from contaminated groundwaters |
| | F1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 113 |
| | F2. SCENARIO DESCRIPTION 114 |
| | F2.1. Evolution of the scenario 114 |
| | F2.2. Soil data 114 |
| | F2.3. Evaporation and transpiration data . 115 |
| | F3. GENERIC NUMERICAL APPROACH 116 |
| | F4. TENTATIVE ANALYTICAL APPROACH 117 |
| | F5. INFLUENCE OF ELEMENTAL PROCESSES ON TRITIUM TRANSPORT 118 |
| | F6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 120 |
| | F6.1. Profiles of soil water content 120 |
| | F6.2. Profiles of tritium concentration . 121 |
| | F6.3. Fluxes of tritium from soil to the atmosphere. 121 |
| | F7. CONCLUSIONS. 122 |
| | F7.1. Numerical aspects . 122 |
| | F7.2. Problems related to the modelling approach. 123 |
| | F7.3. Conclusions of the intercomparison exercise 123 |
| | REFERENCES TO PART F 124 |
| | PART G: MODELLING THE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT OF TRITIUM IN THE VICINITY OF |
| | PERMANENT ATMOSPHERIC SOURCES: Field data for wet and dry deposition of tritium |
| | G1. INTRODUCTION 133 |
| | G2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM. 133 |
| | G2.1. Selection of sampling sites 133 |
| | G2.2. Collection of samples 134 |
| | G2.3. Sample treatment and analysis 135 |
| | G2.4. Meteorological information 135 |
| | G3. RESULTS . 136 |
| | G4. DISCUSSION. 137 |
| | G5. CONCLUSIONS. 139 |
| | GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 152 |
| | Atmospheric pathways . 152 |
| | HTO releases: Air moisture concentrations 153 |
| | HTO releases: Soil moisture concentrations. 154 |
| | HTO releases: Plant aqueous and organic phase concentrations 155 |
| | HT releases: Air moisture concentrations. 155 |
| | HT releases: Soil moisture concentrations 156 |
| | Sub-surface pathways. 156 |
| | GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 157 |
| | Modelling . 157 |
| | Data acquisition methods . 158 |
| | Future studies . 158 |
| | REFERENCES 159 |
| | ANNEX I: MODEL DESCRIPTIONS |
| | I–A. MODELS FOR ATMOSPHERIC RELEASES . 163 |
| | I–A.1. Model used by JAERI, Japan 163 |
| | I–A.2. Model used by Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, France . 165 |
| | I–A.3. Model used by AECL, Canada . 169 |
| | I–A.4. Model used by Studsvik Eco & Safety AB, Sweden 172 |
| | I–A.5. Model used by NIPNE, Romania . 176 |
| | I–A.6. Model used by VNIIEF, Russian Federation 181 |
| | I–A.7. Model used by CEA, France. 185 |
| | I–A.8. Model used by BEAK, Canada. 189 |
| | I–A.9. Model used by ANDRA, France. 192 |
| | I–A.10. Model used by LLNL, USA 193 |
| | I–A.11. Model used by FZK, Germany . 196 |
| | I–A.12. Model used by ZSR, University of Hannover, Germany 199 |
| | I–B. SOIL AND GROUNDWATER MODELS 203 |
| | I–B.1. Models used by Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, France . 203 |
| | I–B.2. Models used by Studsvik Eco & Safety AB, Sweden 208 |
| | I–B.3. Model used by NIPNE, Romania . 210 |
| | I–B.4. Models used by VNIIEF, Russian Federation 213 |
| | I–B.5. Models used by CEA, France . 217 |
| | I–B.6. Models used by ANDRA, France . 219 |