Safeguards Techniques and Equipment - 2003 Edition

1,05

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92

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4686

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International Atomic Energy Agency

2003

rok

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION . 1

2. NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS . 5

2.1. Gamma ray spectrometry . 5

2.1.1. Gamma emission and detection of nuclear materials 5

2.1.2. Hand-held multipurpose gamma spectrometry 6

2.1.3. Multichannel analysers 9

2.1.4. IAEA high resolution gamma spectrometry techniques . 10

2.2. Neutron counting 11

2.2.1. Neutron emission and detection for non-irradiated fissile fuel . 11

2.2.2. Gross neutron counting 14

2.2.3. Neutron coincidence counting 14

2.3. Spent fuel measurement 18

2.3.1. Neutron emission and detection . 18

2.3.2. Gross neutron and gamma ray detection . 20

2.3.3.Gamma ray energy spectral analysis . 20

2.3.4.Gamma ray intensity scanning 21

2.3.5. Cerenkov radiation detection . 22

2.4. Other NDA techniques . 23

2.4.1. Radiation measurement 23

2.4.2. Physical property measurement . 24

3. DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS 26

3.1. Elemental analysis . 27

3.1.1. Uranium by potentiometric titration . 27

3.1.2. Plutonium by potentiometric titration 29

3.1.3. Plutonium by controlled potential coulometry . 29

3.1.4. Uranium by ignition gravimetry . 29

3.1.5. Uranium, thorium or plutonium by K-edge X ray densitometry . 30

3.1.6. Plutonium by K X ray fluorescence analysis . 30

3.1.7. Plutonium and/or uranium by wavelength dispersive X ray fluorescence spectrometry . 31

3.1.8. Uranium or plutonium by isotope dilution mass spectrometry 32

3.2. Isotopic analysis . 33

3.2.1. Uranium or plutonium isotopic composition by thermal ionization mass spectrometry 33

3.2.2. Plutonium isotopic composition by high resolution g ray spectrometry 34

3.2.3. Uranium-235 in solution by g ray spectrometry 34

3.3. Other DA techniques . 34

4. CONTAINMENT AND SURVEILLANCE . 36

4.1. Surveillance . 36

4.1.1. Installed single cameras for easy to access locations 43

4.1.2. Installed single camera for difficult to access locations . 43

4.1.3. Installed multi-camera . 44

4.1.4. Short term surveillance 45

4.1.5. Underwater TV for attended applications 46

4.1.6. Surveillance review software 47

4.1.7. Miscellaneous surveillance systems and options . 48

4.2. Seals . 48

4.2.1. Single use seals . 49

4.2.2. In situ verifiable seals 50

5. UNATTENDED MONITORING 54

6. REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEMS 61

6.1. Remote monitoring equipment 61

6.2. Future development activities . 62

6.2.1. Data reduction . 63

6.2.2. Alternative communication methods . 63

7. DATA SECURITY . 65

7.1. Information protection requirements . 65

7.2. IAEA requirements 68

7.2.1.Verification data 68

7.2.2.Technical data 70

7.2.3. Control data . 71

7.3. Member State requirements . 72

8. ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING . 75

8.1. IAEA Clean Laboratory for Safeguards . 75

8.2. Screening of samples . 77

8.2.1. Low level g ray spectrometry . 77

8.2.2. X ray fluorescence spectrometry 78

8.2.3. Alpha/beta counting . 78

8.3. Isotopic and elemental analysis 78

8.3.1. Pulse counting thermal ionization mass spectrometry . 78

8.3.2. Scanning electron microscopy with electron probe analysis 79

8.3.3.Fission track method 80

8.3.4. Secondary ion mass spectrometry . 82