Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes

2,42

MB

257

stron

4690

ID

International Atomic Energy Agency

2003

rok

CONTENTS

1. PRINCIPLES OF PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF RADIOISOTOPES1

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. Research reactors for isotope production . 2

1.3. Nuclear reactions 2

1.3.1. Energy of neutrons in pile 4

1.3.2. Cross-section4

1.3.3. Types of nuclear reactions . 4

1.4. Calculation of radioisotope yield . 6

1.4.1. Corrections to the activation equation . 7

1.4.2. Self-shielding effect 7

1.4.3. Power variation in the reactors. 8

1.4.4. Corrections for burnup of the target and destruction of target atoms 8

1.4.5. Irradiation efficiency 9

1.5. Irradiation techniques . 10

1.5.1. Choice of target material 10

1.5.2. Target encapsulation 11

1.5.3. Safety evaluation of in-pile irradiation and experimental assemblies 11

1.6. Laboratory facilities for radioisotope production. 11

1.6.1. Layout and basic infrastructure 12

1.6.2. Radiological protection 13

1.6.3. Radioisotope handling facilities. 13

1.6.4. Ventilation 16

1.6.5. Management of radioactive waste 16

1.6.6. Surveillance and monitoring 17

1.7. Packing and transportation of radioisotopes . 18

1.7.1. Transport regulations . 18

1.7.2. Types of packages 18

1.7.3. Categories of packages. 20

1.8. Conclusion 20

Bibliography to Section 1. 21

2. PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING METHODS FOR INDIVIDUAL RADIOISOTOPES

Bromine-82 (82Br35) 25

Calcium-45 (45Ca20) . 29

Carbon-14 (14C6) 31

Chromium-51 (51Cr24) 35

Cobalt-58 (58Co27) 41

Cobalt-60 (60Co27) 44

Copper-64/Copper-67 (64Cu29, 67Cu29). 51

Dysprosium-165 (165Dy66) 58

Dysprosium-166 (166Dy66) 60

Gadolinium-153 (153Gd64) . .62

Gold-198 (198Au79) .63

Gold-199 (199Au79) . 66

Gold-199 (199Au79) (Alternate procedure) 69

Holmium-166 (166Ho67) 71

Iodine-125 (125I53). 75

Iodine-131 (131I53) (Wet distillation method) . 82

Iodine-131 (131I53) (Dry distillation method) 86

Iodine-131 (131I53) (Dry distillation method (Alternate procedure) 90

Iodine-131(131I53) (Dry distillation method (Alternate procedure). 95

Iodine-131 (131I53) (Dry distillation method (Alternate procedure) 102

Iodine-131 (131I53) (Fission product) 111

Iridium-192 (192Ir77) 116

Iron-59 (59Fe26). 118

Lutetium-177 (177Lu71) . 121

Lutetium-177 (177Lu71) (Alternate procedure) 124

Mercury-197 (197Hg80) 129

Mercury-203 (203Hg80) 132

Molybdenum-99 (99Mo42) (Fission product) 135

Molybdenum-99 (99Mo42) (By neutron irradiation) . 141

Nickel-63 (63Ni28). 143

Osmium-191 (191Os76) 145

Osmium-194 (194Os76) 150

Palladium-103 (103Pd46) 154

Palladium-109 (109Pd46) 156

Phosphorous-32 (32P15). 158

Phosphorus-32 (32P15) (Alternate procedure) . 161

Phosphorus-33 (33P15). 167

Platinum-195m (195mPt78) . 171

Rhenium-186 (186Re75) . 179

Rhenium-186 (186Re75) (Alternate procedure) 183

Rhenium-188 (188Re75) . 186

Samarium-153 (153Sm62) 189

Scandium-46 (46Sc21) . 193

Scandium-47 (47Sc21) . 194

Silver-111 (111Ag47) 198

Sodium-24 (24Na11) 203

Strontium-89 (89Sr38) 206

Strontium-89 (89Sr38) (Alternate procedure) 212

Sulphur-35 (35S16). 217

Tellurium-123m (123mTe52). 220

Thallium-204 (204Tl81) 222

Thulium-170 (170Tm69). 224

Tin-113 (113Sn50) 226

Tin-117m (117mSn50) . 230

Tungsten-188 (188W74) . 233

Ytterbium-169 (169Yb70). 238

Yttrium-90 (90Y39) 244

Xenon-133 (133Xe54) 248

CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW 253