Optimization of the coupling of nuclear reactors and

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desalination systems

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International Atomic Energy Agency

2005

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. Background ..1

1.2. Objectives. 4

1.3. Subjects for optimization and investigation...5

1.4. Collaboration among participating institutes . 10

References to Chapter 1. 10

CHAPTER 2. NUCLEAR DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES . 12

2.1. Nuclear reactors . 12

2.1.1. Power reactors 12

2.1.2. Co-generation reactors . 25

2.1.3. Heating reactors 49

2.1.4. Research reactors 59

2.2. Desalination systems 61

2.2.1. Distillation . 61

2.2.2. Reverse Osmosis (RO) . 78

2.2.3. Hybrid systems. 82

References to Chapter 2. 84

CHAPTER 3. COUPLING OF DESALINATION AND NUCLEAR . 87

3.1. Coupling desalination plants to power reactors . 87

3.1.1 Coupling of RO and CANDU-6. 89

3.1.2 Coupling of Hybrid MSF-RO and PHWR-220 89

3.2. Coupling Desalination plants to cogeneration reactors 91

3.2.1. Coupling of desalination processes and CAREM-D 91

3.2.2. Coupling of desalination processes and KLT-40C 96

3.2.3. Coupling of HTME and NIKA-70 104

3.2.4. Coupling of HTME and SMART. 105

3.3. Coupling desalination plants to heating reactors . 106

3.3.1. Coupling of desalination processes and NHR-200 107

3.3.2. Coupling of HTME and RUTA reactor 110

3.4. Coupling desalination plants to research reactors 114

References to Chapter 3. 117

CHAPTER 4. ANALYTICAL EVALUATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATIONS . 119

4.1. Analytical evaluations 119

4.1.1. Safety assessment. 119

4.1.2. Performance analyses. 128

4.1.3. Economic assessment. 133

4.2. Experimental validation . 148

4.2.1. Experimental validation of RO preheating effects. 148

4.2.2. Experimental validation of thermal systems 161

References to Chapter 4. 171

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS. 173

5.1. Main conclusions . 173

5.2. Specific projects’ conclusions 173

5.2.1. Evaluation of nuclear desalination coupled systems, INVAP, Argentina 174

5.2.2. Optimized nuclear desalination/co-generation using reverse osmosis with feed water preheat,

CANDESAL, Canada 174

5.2.3. Optimization of system of seawater desalination with 200 MW nuclear heating reactor INET

China . 175

5.2.4. Investigation of feed water preheating effect on RO performance: NPPA, Egypt . 174

5.2.5. Performance improvement of hybrid desalination systems for coupling to nuclear reactors,

BARC, India . 175

5.2.6. Optimal coupling of SMART and desalination plant, KAERI, Republic of Korea 176

5.2.7. Optimization of the coupling of nuclear reactors desalination systems, CNESTEN, Morocco

176

5.2.8. Russian small nuclear reactors as energy sources for nuclear desalination plants: coupling

schemes and economic evaluations, IPPE, Russian Federation. 177

5.2.9. Optimization of coupling desalination systems with nuclear reactors, CNSTN, Tunisia . 177

ABBREVIATIONS 179

Annex I:

Evaluation of nuclear desalination coupled systems 183

N.A. Masriera, A.S. Doval

Annex II:

Optimized nuclear desalination/cogeneration using reverse osmosis with feed water preheat

(Canada) 201

J.R. Humpries

Annex III:

Optimization of system of seawater desalination with 200 MW nuclear heating reactor (China). 209

H. Jia

Annex IV:

Investigation of feedwater preheating effect on RO performance (Egypt) 237

M.M. Mohamed Megahed

Annex V:

Performance improvement of hybrid desalination systems for coupling of nuclear reactors and

desalination systems (India) 251

P.K. Tewari

Annex VI:

Coupling of SMART and desalination plant (Republic of Korea). 267

Y.D. Hwang

Annex VII:

Optimization of the coupling of nuclear reactors and desalination systems in Morocco (Morocco) .

301

M. Abet

Annex VIII:

Utilization of Russian small-sized nuclear reactors as an energy source for nuclear desalination

complexes: optimisation of coupling design, performance and economic characteristics (Russian

Federation) . 303

Yu.D. Baranaev, A.A. Pekanov, D.E. Skripnikov, et al.

Annex IX:

Optimization of coupling desalination systems with a nuclear reactor (Tunisia). 315

N. Reguigui

CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW. 327