| | Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Management of Selected |
| | 1,14 | | MB | Materials in Municipal Solid Waste |
| | 144 | | stron |
| | 4750 | | ID | UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY |
| | 2000 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: BACKGROUND AND FINDINGSES-1 |
| | ES.1 GREENHOUSE GASES AND CLIMATE CHANGE.ES-1 |
| | ES.2 WHAT IS THE UNITED STATES DOING ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE? .ES-2 |
| | ES.3 WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TO GREENHOUSE GAS |
| | EMISSIONS?ES-3 |
| | ES.4 WHY EPA PREPARED THIS REPORT AND HOW IT WILL BE USEDES-4 |
| | ES.5 HOW WE ANALYZED THE IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ON GREENHOUSE GAS |
| | EMISSIONS.ES-5 |
| | ES.6 RESULTS OF THE ANALYSISES-10 |
| | ES.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSISES-16 |
| | 1. METHODOLOGY.1 |
| | 1.1 INTRODUCTION.1 |
| | 1.2 THE OVERALL FRAMEWORK: A STREAMLINED LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY.1 |
| | 1.3 THE REVIEW PROCESS 2 |
| | 1.4 MSW MATERIALS CONSIDERED IN THE STREAMLINED LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY .3 |
| | 1.5 KEY INPUTS AND BASELINES FOR THE STREAMLINED LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY4 |
| | 1.6 HOW THESE INPUTS ARE TALLIED AND COMPARED .7 |
| | 1.7 SUMMARY OF THE LIFE CYCLE STAGES9 |
| | 2. RAW MATERIALS ACQUISITION AND MANUFACTURING15 |
| | 2.1 GHG EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY USE IN RAW MATERIALS ACQUISITION AND |
| | MANUFACTURING15 |
| | 2.2 NON-ENERGY GHG EMISSIONS FROM MANUFACTURING AND RAW MATERIALS |
| | ACQUISITION20 |
| | 2.3 RESULTS .20 |
| | 2.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS21 |
| | 3. FOREST CARBON SEQUESTRATION.35 |
| | 3.1 MODELING FRAMEWORK.38 |
| | 3.2 THE NORTH AMERICAN PULP AND PAPER (NAPAP) MODEL 39 |
| | 3.3 THE TIMBER ASSESSMENT MARKET MODEL (TAMM) AND THE AGGREGATE TIMBERLAND |
| | ASSESSMENT SYSTEM (ATLAS).44 |
| | 3.4 THE FOREST CARBON MODEL (FORCARB)47 |
| | 3.5 THE HARVESTED CARBON MODEL (HARVCARB)49 |
| | 3.6 RESULTS .52 |
| | 3.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS56 |
| | 4. SOURCE REDUCTION AND RECYCLING61 |
| | 4.1 GHG IMPLICATIONS OF SOURCE REDUCTION 61 |
| | 4.2 GHG IMPLICATIONS OF RECYCLING .63 |
| | 4.3 SOURCE REDUCTION WITH MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION.66 |
| | 4.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS67 |
| | 5. COMPOSTING71 |
| | 5.1 POTENTIAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 71 |
| | 5.2 POTENTIAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION72 |
| | 5.3 NET GHG EMISSIONS FROM COMPOSTING76 |
| | 5.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS76 |
| | 6. COMBUSTION .79 |
| | 6.1 METHODOLOGY81 |
| | 6.2 RESULTS .89 |
| | 6.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS92 |
| | 7. LANDFILLING .95 |
| | 7.1 EXPERIMENTAL VALUES FOR METHANE GENERATION AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION.96 |
| | |
| | 7.2 FATES OF LANDFILL METHANE: CONVERSION TO CO2, EMISSIONS, AND FLARING OR |
| | COMBUSTION WITH ENERGY RECOVERY.99 |
| | 7.3 NET GHG EMISSIONS FROM LANDFILLING101 |
| | 7.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS102 |
| | 8. ACCOUNTING FOR EMISSION REDUCTIONS..111 |
| | 8.1 GHG EMISSIONS FOR EACH WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION 111 |
| | 8.2 APPLYING EMISSION FACTORS 113 |
| | ATTACHMENT 1 - A PARTIAL LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY OF PROCESS AND TRANSPORTATION |
| | ENERGY FOR BOXBOARD AND PAPER TOWELS |
| | DOCUMENT B - BACKGROUND DATA SUBMITTED BY THE TELLUS INSTITUTE |
| | DOCUMENT C - REVIEW PROCESS FOR THE REPORT |
| | DOCUMENT D - COMMENT-RESPONSE DOCUMENT |