| | U.S. Climate Action Report 2002 |
| | 10,7 | | MB |
| | 269 | | stron |
| | 4752 | | ID | UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY |
| | 2002 | | rok |
| | Introduction and Overview 2 |
| | National Circumstances: The U.S. Context 4 |
| | Greenhouse Gas Inventory 5 |
| | Policies and Measures 5 |
| | Projected Greenhouse Gas Emissions 6 |
| | Impacts and Adaptation 6 |
| | Financial Resources and Transfer of Technology 6 |
| | Research and Systematic Observation 6 |
| | Education, Training, and Outreach 7 |
| | National Circumstances 8 |
| | Climate Profile 9 |
| | Geographic Profile 9 |
| | Population Profile 10 |
| | Government Structure 11 |
| | Federal Departments and Agencies 12 |
| | The U.S. Congress 12 |
| | States, Tribes, and Local Governments 12 |
| | The U.S. Court System 13 |
| | Economic Profile 13 |
| | Government and the Market Economy 13 |
| | Composition and Growth 13 |
| | Energy Production and Consumption 14 |
| | Resources 15 |
| | Production 16 |
| | Electricity Market Restructuring 17 |
| | Consumption 18 |
| | Sectoral Activities 18 |
| | Industry 18 |
| | Residential and Commercial Buildings 19 |
| | Transportation 20 |
| | Government 22 |
| | Waste 22 |
| | Agriculture 23 |
| | Grazing Land 23 |
| | Agricultural Land 23 |
| | Forests 24 |
| | Other Natural Resources 24 |
| | Wetlands 24 |
| | Wildlife 25 |
| | Water 25 |
| | Greenhouse Gas Inventory 26 |
| | Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions 28 |
| | Global Warming Potentials 32 |
| | Carbon Dioxide Emissions 37 |
| | Energy 38 |
| | Industrial Processes 41 |
| | Land-Use Change and Forestry 42 |
| | Waste 42 |
| | Methane Emissions 42 |
| | Landfills 43 |
| | Natural Gas and Petroleum Systems 43 |
| | Coal Mining 44 |
| | Agriculture 44 |
| | Other Sources 44 |
| | Nitrous Oxide Emissions 45 |
| | Agricultural Soil Management 45 |
| | Fuel Combustion 45 |
| | Nitric Acid Production 45 |
| | Manure Management 46 |
| | Adipic Acid Production 46 |
| | Other Sources 46 |
| | HFC, PFC, and SF6 Emissions 46 |
| | Substitution of Ozone-Depleting Substances 46 |
| | Other Industrial Sources 46 |
| | Emissions of Ozone-Depleting Substances 46 |
| | Criteria Pollutant Emissions 48 |
| | Policies and Measures 50 |
| | National Policymaking Process 51 |
| | Federal Policies and Measures 52 |
| | Energy: Residential and Commercial 53 |
| | Energy: Industrial 54 |
| | Energy: Supply 55 |
| | Transportation 56 |
| | Industry (Non-CO2) 58 |
| | Agriculture 59 |
| | Forestry 60 |
| | Waste Management 60 |
| | Cross-sectoral 61 |
| | Nonfederal Policies and Measures 61 |
| | State Initiatives 61 |
| | Local Initiatives 62 |
| | Private-Sector and NGO Initiatives 62 |
| | Projected Greenhouse Gas Emissions 70 |
| | The NEMS Model and Policies Coverage 71 |
| | Assumptions Used to Estimate Future CO2 Emissions 71 |
| | U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2000–2020 72 |
| | Net U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2000–2020 73 |
| | CO2Emissions 74 |
| | Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 76 |
| | Carbon Sequestration 78 |
| | Adjustments to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 78 |
| | Future of the President’s February 2002 Climate Change Initiative 78 |
| | Key Uncertainties Affecting Projections 79 |
| | Technology Development (+ or -) 79 |
| | Regulatory or Statutory Changes (+ or -) 80 |
| | Energy Prices (+ or -) 80 |
| | Economic Growth (+ or -) 80 |
| | Weather (+ or -) 80 |
| | Impacts and Adaptation 81 |
| | Summary of the National Assessment 81 |
| | Introduction 83 |
| | Weather and Climate Context 84 |
| | Projected Changes in the Mean Climate 84 |
| | Projected Changes in Climate Variability 87 |
| | Potential Consequences of and Adaptation to Climate Change 88 |
| | Potential Interactions with Land Cover 89 |
| | Potential Interactions with Agriculture 92 |
| | Potential Interactions with Forests 96 |
| | Potential Interactions with Water Resources 99 |
| | Potential Interactions with Coastal Areas and Marine Resources 103 |
| | Potential Interactions with Human Health 106 |
| | Potential Impacts in Various U.S. Regions 109 |
| | Federal Research Activities 109 |
| | Interagency Research Subcommittees 110 |
| | Individual Agency Research Activities 111 |
| | Other Research Activities 112 |
| | Financial Resources and Transfer of Technology 113 |
| | Types and Sources of U.S. Assistance 114 |
| | U.S. Government Assistance 115 |
| | NGO Assistance 116 |
| | Private-Sector Assistance 117 |
| | Major U.S. Government Initiatives 117 |
| | U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation 117 |
| | U.S. Country Studies Program 118 |
| | Climate Change Initiative 118 |
| | Public–Private Partnership Activities 119 |
| | Technology Cooperation Agreement Pilot Project 119 |
| | Climate Technology Initiative 120 |
| | U.S.–Asia Environmental Partnership 120 |
| | EcoLinks 121 |
| | Energy Partnership Program 121 |
| | Forest Conservation Partnerships 122 |
| | U.S. Government Assistance Addressing Vulnerability and Adaptation 122 |
| | U.S. Financial Flow Information, 1997–2000 123 |
| | Financial Contributions to the Global Environment Facility 123 |
| | Financial Contributions to Multilateral Institutions and Programs 123 |
| | Bilateral and Regional Financial Contributions 124 |
| | Summary of Financial Flow Information for 1997–2000 125 |
| | Funding Types 125 |
| | Regional Trends 126 |
| | Mitigation Activities 127 |
| | Adaptation Activities 131 |
| | Other Global Climate Change Activities 136 |
| | Research and Systematic Observation 137 |
| | Research 139 |
| | U.S. Climate Change Research Initiative 139 |