Ocean Disposal/Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide from Fossil

0,74

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Fuel Production and Use: An Overview of Rationale, Techniques

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and Implications

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Greenpeace Research Laboratories

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

Introduction 5

Understanding the global carbon cycle 5

Ocean fertilisation 6

Direct disposal of CO2 to seawater 7

Injection of CO2 to sub-seabed formations 8

Legal considerations 9

Prospects for the future 9

Introduction 11

Climate, energy use and carbon dioxide emissions. 13

The carbon cycle 13

Anthropogenic influence on the climate 17

The greenhouse gases 17

Future energy use and carbon emissions 20

The 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change and The 1997 Kyoto Protocol 20

Carbon-Logic 21

Ocean Fertilisation 23

Fertilisation with iron 23

Fertilisation with macro-nutrients 26

Disposal of CO2 into ocean waters 27

Energy Penalties 27

Technical approaches to deep sea disposal 29

Ocean circulation 30

Ecological considerations 33

Planned field experiments 35

Injection of CO2 into sub-sea aquifers and formations 36

International Law 40

London Convention 40

Kyoto Protocol 42

References 45