THE FISH MEAL AND FISH OIL INDUSTRY ITS ROLE IN THE COMMON

0,96

MB

FISHERIES POLICY

174

stron

4901

ID

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

2005

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary iii

List of tables xi

List of appendices tables

List of figures

List of appendices figures

List of acronyms xiii

1. Introduction 1

1.1. Fish meal and fish oil 1

1.2. The fishing sector 1

1.3. The CFP and industrial fishing 2

1.4. Aims of the study 3

2. The structure of the fish meal and fish oil industry in the European Union 5

2.1. Sources of raw material for fish meal and fish body oil 5

2.2. Industrial fisheries 5

2.3. Fish trimmings 15

2.4. Processing capacity 9

2.5. Fish prices 16

2.6. Industrial liver oils 19

3. Production, import and export of fish meal and fish oil 21

3.1. Fish meal production and product outputs 21

3.2. Fish body oil production 23

3.3. Imports and exports of fish meal 24

3.4. Imports and exports of fish oil 25

3.5. The market for fish meal and body oils 26

3.6. Restrictions on fish meal processing 29

3.7. Fish liver oils 31

4. The interaction between fish meal and fish oil industry and the fishing sector 33

4.1. Direct employment in the industrial fishing sector 33

4.2. Interdependence of the catching sector 34

4.3. Interdependence with the processing sector 34

4.4. Other onshore dependencies 36

4.5. Long term economic sustainability 36

5. Fish meal and fish oil industry, fish stocks and marine ecosystems 37

5.1. Introduction 37

5.2. The biology and ecology of teleost fish species used as industrial feed fish 37

5.3. The biology and ecology of elasmobranch species taken for industrial use 39

5.4. Direct and indirect effects of fishing 39

5.5. The effect of fishing on teleost feed fish species 39

5.6. The effect of fishing for industrial fishing on sharks 40

5.7. Genetic effects of fishing on teleost feed fish populations 41

5.8. The effect of fishing for fish for industrial purposes on stocks destined

for human consumption (‘commercial species’) 42

5.9. The direct effects of the removal of industrial teleost feed fish 42

5.10. The direct effects of the removal of sharks for industrial purposes 44

5.11. By-catch 45

5.12. The effects on seabirds 48

5.13. Effects on marine mammals 53

5.14. Effects on seabed habitats and benthos 54

5.15. Effects of fish meal in aquaculture on the ecosystem 54

5.16. Sustainability 55

5.17. Management and control issues associated with industrial fishing 60

5.18. The CFP Reform 63

6. Evaluation of the economic aspects of fish meal and fish oil consumption in the EU 71

6.1. Protein content 71

6.2. The price of competitor products 73

6.3. Substitution 76

6.4. Its importance for the fish farming sector 70

6.5. Debate on the use of fish feed in aquaculture 79

7. Analysis of the interaction between fish meal and fish oil consumption and human animal and

health 81

7.1. The nutritional value of fishmeal in animal diets 81

7.2. Effect of fish and fish oil products on human health 85

8. Synthesis and Conclusions 93

8.1. An evaluation of the efficiency of converting fish into fish meal and fish oil as a means of

obtaining human food 93

8.2. Analysis of the compatibility of the fish meal and fish oil industry with the economic and

ecological objectives of the new CFP 98

Bibliography 103

Appendices 119

Appendix 1: Summary catch data 1992/1993 – 2001/2003 119

Appendix 2: Exports of fish meal from Denmark, 2001 131

Appendix 3: Consumption and Imports of fish body oils 133

Appendix 4: Consumption and Imports of fish meal 135

Appendix 5: Management measures in the European Union 137

Appendix 6: Legislation protecting elasmobranches