World review of fisheries and aquaculture 2004

3,54
MB

154
stron

4963
ID Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

2005
rok

CONTENTS

Foreword iii

Acknowledgements xi

Glossary xii

P A R T 1

WORLD REVIEW OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

Fisheries resources: trends in production, utilization and trade 3

Overview 3

Capture fisheries production 7

Aquaculture production 14

Fishers and fish farmers 18

The status of the fishing fleet 24

The status of fishery resources 28

Fish utilization 36

Fish trade 43

The changing role of regional fishery bodies in decision-making 58

Aquaculture development policy and governance 61

P A R T 2

SELECTED ISSUES FACING FISHERS AND AQUACULTURISTS

Capture-based aquaculture 69

The issue 69

Possible solutions 71

Recent actions 72

Future perspective 74

Labour standards in the fishing sector 74

The issue 74

Possible solutions 75

Recent actions 75

Outlook 76

Fisheries management and CITES 77

The issue 77

Possible solutions 78

Recent actions 80

Global perspective 81

Trade implications of fish species and fish product identification 82

The issue 82

Possible solutions 83

Recent actions 84

Future perspective 85

Depleted stocks recovery: a challenging necessity 86

The issue 86

Action required 87

Action taken 89

Outlook 90

Governance and management of deep-water fisheries 91

The issue 91

Possible solutions 93

Recent developments 96

Outlook 96

P A R T 3

HIGHLIGHTS OF SPECIAL FAO STUDIES

Scope of the seaweed industry 103

Introduction 103

Classification of seaweeds 103

Sources and uses of commercial seaweeds 103

Global aquaculture outlook: an analysis of production forecasts to 2030 107

Introduction 107

Global forecasts 108

Regional perspectives 110

National forecasts: the “sum” of national production targets 111

Constraints to growth 111

Conclusions 114

Impacts of trawling on benthic habitats and communities 115

Background 115

Methodologies 116

Physical impacts 116

Biological impacts 117

Conclusions 117

Measurement of fishing capacity 118

The fishing capacity management problem 118

What is fishing capacity? 118

Measuring capacity 120

Re-estimating discards in the world’s marine capture fisheries 122

Background 122

Main findings 123

Implications and issues 126

Fisheries subsidies 128

Introduction 128

Definition 128

Justification and history 129

Measurement of subsidies 129

International conferences 130

The political debate 130

African freshwaters: are small scale-fisheries a problem? 131

Introduction 131

Changes in catches and fishing effort over the last 50 years 132

Causes behind the patterns of change in fishing effort 133

Effects of fishing effort and environment on the regeneration

of fish stocks 134

Conclusions 136

P A R T 4

OUTLOOK

Introduction 141

The coming decade: constraints and opportunities 141

2015 and beyond: future scenarios for world fisheries and aquaculture 146