| | Environmental Outlook for the Chemicals Industry |
| | 1,22 | | MB |
| | 168 | | stron |
| | 4976 | | ID | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| | 2001 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | FOREWORD8 |
| | 1. SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL OUTLOOK FOR THE CHEMICALS INDUSTRY9 |
| | 2. INTRODUCTION19 |
| | 3. CHEMICALS INDUSTRY TRENDS AND OUTLOOK21 |
| | 3.1 Description of the industry21 |
| | The industry as a whole21 |
| | Companies 21 |
| | Production processes.22 |
| | The sectors of the industry24 |
| | 3.2 Production, consumption and trade .24 |
| | Past and current trends25 |
| | Production in OECD countries .25 |
| | Global expansion of the industry 26 |
| | Overall global production .27 |
| | Global production by industry sector29 |
| | Global consumption31 |
| | Trade .32 |
| | Future outlook 34 |
| | Overall global production .34 |
| | Geographic distribution of production and consumption .35 |
| | Changes in sectors and products .36 |
| | Investment trends 38 |
| | Developments in trade 38 |
| | Other trends.39 |
| | 4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS AND OUTLOOK.41 |
| | 4.1 Effects on the environment of the chemicals industry and its products 41 |
| | Potential impacts 41 |
| | 4.2 Trends and outlook for environmental impacts related to production.45 |
| | Use of natural resources .45 |
| | Water.45 |
| | Oil, natural gas and coal .46 |
| | Releases to air and water, and waste generation.47 |
| | Energy use and CO2 emissions.47 |
| | Substances that promote the formation of tropospheric ozone and acid rain 51 |
| | Ozone depleting substances 52 |
| | Hazardous substances .53 |
| | Waste 55 |
| | Releases due to chemical accidents 56 |
| | 4.3 Trends and outlook for environmental impacts related to products 58 |
| | 4.4 Pollution control expenditures.59 |
| | 5. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES 61 |
| | 5.1 Overview.61 |
| | 5.2 Policies for managing risks posed by the production of chemicals.63 |
| | Public right to know and information collection through emission inventories.64 |
| | Information collection through environmental monitoring 67 |
| | Management of releases from factories67 |
| | Specific chemicals 67 |
| | Environmental management systems69 |
| | 5.3 Policies for managing risks posed by chemicals and chemical products 69 |
| | Processes for managing products .70 |
| | Collecting information on characteristics, effects and exposure 70 |
| | Hazard characterisation, classification and risk assessment .72 |
| | Risk management73 |
| | Philosophy and implementation of chemicals management policies .76 |
| | New industrial chemicals76 |
| | Existing industrial chemicals 78 |
| | Pesticides 79 |
| | 5.4 Small and medium sized enterprises .80 |
| | 5.5 Holistic approaches to chemicals management.81 |
| | 5.6 International chemicals management 82 |
| | 6. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS AND POLICIES.87 |
| | 7. KEY ISSUES AND FUTURE POLICY OPTIONS 89 |
| | 7.1 Key issues89 |
| | Greater production of chemicals in non-OECD countries89 |
| | OECD countries to concentrate on the production of life science and speciality chemicals .90 |
| | Fewer, but larger multinational companies 90 |
| | Collecting and making relevant data more available91 |
| | Need for new and innovative policies 91 |
| | 7.2 Policy options92 |
| | Technological development and diffusion92 |
| | Legal and regulatory instruments .93 |
| | Production policy93 |
| | Products policy .95 |
| | Chemical accidents .99 |
| | Effective policies 100 |
| | Economic instruments 100 |
| | Voluntary agreements.102 |
| | Information and other instruments .103 |
| | International action.103 |
| | 8. CONCLUSIONS: ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES105 |
| | 8.1 Highlights of the past 105 |
| | 8.2 Building on past achievements106 |
| | 8.3 New approaches for the future 106 |
| | Holistic chemical safety approach107 |
| | Managing the safety aspects of globalisation in the chemicals industry 107 |
| | Environmental democracy in chemical safety107 |
| | Annex 1 Definitions of the “chemicals industry” .110 |
| | Annex 2 World chemicals industry output (1970-98).111 |
| | Annex 3 Chemical sector output estimates (% share for available regions) .112 |
| | Annex 4 Chemicals output, demand, and trade growth between 1979-96, and demand per capita in |
| | 1996 .113 |
| | Annex 5 World exports/imports (1980-1998).114 |
| | Annex 6 Projections for growth in GDP, population and chemicals industry production (1995-2020) |
| | .115 |
| | Annex 7 World chemical demand from 1995 to 2020 117 |
| | Annex 8 Yearly growth rates (%) in production capacity for petrochemicals and plastics118 |
| | Annex 9 World exports/imports (1995, 2010, 2020) 119 |
| | Annex 10 Agro chemical industry consolidation (1983-1999) .120 |
| | Annex 11 1995 Industrial water use121 |
| | Annex 12 1995 Chemicals industry process fuel use122 |
| | Annex 13 Energy efficiency initiatives.123 |
| | Annex 14 CO2 emissions from the chemicals industry, all industries and all sectors (1995-2020)125 |
| | |
| | Annex 15 Production of CFCs for selected countries and regions126 |
| | Annex 16 Summary of OECD Member Country PRTR Activities 127 |
| | Annex 17 Releases of 1988 “Core” chemicals by the US chemicals industry128 |
| | Annex 18A Consumption of pesticides129 |
| | Annex 18B Trends in the consumption of pesticides 130 |
| | Annex 19 Examples of successful voluntary chemical management programmes.133 |
| | Annex 20 International conventions involving chemical substances136 |
| | Annex 21 How environmental regulations are appraised in OECD countries138 |
| | Annex 22 Modelling framework used for the Reference Scenario and |
| | Policy Simulations .139 |
| | Annex 23 Third Session of the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (Bahía, Brazil; 15–20 |
| | October 2000)148 |
| | LIST OF ACRONYMS.159 |
| | REFERENCES ..161 |