| | State-of-the-Art Report on High-Strength, High-Durability |
| | 0,97 | | MB | Structural Low-Density Concrete for Applications in Severe |
| | 119 | | stron | Marine Environments |
| | 5018 | | ID | University of New Brunswick |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | Preface viii |
| | 1—Introduction . 1 |
| | 2—History. 5 |
| | Natural Deposits of Low-Density Aggregates Used for the Port of Cosa in 273 B.C. . 5 |
| | Pantheon Dome. 5 |
| | The Origin of Manufactured Low-Density Aggregates . 6 |
| | Concrete Ships 7 |
| | High-Rise Construction 7 |
| | Energy-Related Offshore Structures 7 |
| | 3—Properties of Structural-Grade Low-Density Aggregate 9 |
| | Internal Structure of Low-Density Aggregates 9 |
| | Particle Shape and Surface Texture . 9 |
| | Particle Density. 9 |
| | Bulk Density of Low-Density Aggregates . 10 |
| | Total Porosity . 10 |
| | Grading. 11 |
| | Absorption Characteristics . 11 |
| | Modulus of Elasticity of Low-Density Aggregate Particles 12 |
| | 4—Classification of Low-Density Concrete. 14 |
| | Structural-Grade Low-Density Aggregate Concrete 15 |
| | High-Strength, Low-Density Concrete. 17 |
| | Specified-Density Concrete 18 |
| | 5—Engineering Properties of Structural Low-Density Concrete . 19 |
| | Density 19 |
| | Equilibrium Density . 20 |
| | Compressive Strength. 21 |
| | Shear and Tensile Strength. 29 |
| | Modulus of Elasticity . 31 |
| | Poisson's Ratio . 32' |
| | Maximum Strain Capacity . 32 |
| | Abrasion Resistance . 33 |
| | Shrinkage 34 |
| | Creep. 36 |
| | Bond Strength and Development Length . 37 |
| | Thermal Expansion. 38 |
| | Specific Heat. 39 |
| | Thermal Diffusivity 40 |
| | Thermal Conductivity. 41 |
| | Fire Resistance 45 |
| | Seawater Absorption 47 |
| | Ductility 48 |
| | Fatigue of Low-Density Concrete 49 |
| | 6—Durability 53 |
| | Performance Record . 53 |
| | Resistance to Freezing and Thawing 54 |
| | Resistance to Sulfate Attack. 55 |
| | Resistance to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction. 55 |
| | Carbonation 56 |
| | Measurements of Carbonation Depth in Mature Marine Structures 56 |
| | Recommendations to Limit Rate of Carbonation. 60 |
| | Permeability and Corrosion Protection 60 |
| | Influence of Contact Zone on Durability 63 |
| | Long-Term Field Studies 67 |
| | 7—Constructibility Considerations 68 |
| | Production of Low-Density Aggregate Concrete . 68 |
| | Materials for High-Strength Low-Density Aggregate Concrete 69 |
| | Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures 73 |
| | Mixing, Placing, Finishing, and Curing . 75 |
| | Pumping 76 |
| | Testing 78 |
| | 8—Applications 80 |
| | Applications of High-Strength Low-Density Concrete 80 |
| | Marine Structures . 85 |
| | 9—Economics, Material Costs, Transportation, and Environmental Considerations 90 |
| | Structural Efficiency of Low-Density Concrete. 90 |
| | Material Costs 91 |
| | Transportation Costs 91 |
| | Environmental Considerations . 92 |
| | 10—Conclusions . 94 |
| | References . 95 |
| | Appendix A: Structural Low-Density Concrete Guide Specifications .A1 |