abs

Welding - Design Procedures And Inspections

0,38

129

stron

5042

UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

2000

rok

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL

1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE . 1-1

2. APPLICABILITY 1-1

3. REFERENCES 1-1

2. BIBLIOGRAPHY . 1-1

CHAPTER 2. APPLICABLE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

1. GENERAL 2-1

a. Specification Cycles . 2-1

b. Specification Conflicts 2-1

c. New Materials 2-1

d. Preferred Design Methodology 2-1

e. Standards Evaluation . 2-1

2. USACE AND OTHER MILITARY DOCUMENTS . 2-1

a. TI 809-01 Load Assumptions for Buildings . 2-1

b. TI 809-02 Structural Design Criteria for Buildings . 2-1

c. TI 809-04 Seismic Design for Buildings . 2-2

d. TI 809-05 Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation for Buildings 2-2

e. TI 809-07 Design of Cold-Formed Load Bearing Steel Systems and Masonry Veneer / Steel Stud

Walls 2-2

f. TI 809-30 Metal Building Systems 2-2

g. TM 5-809-6 Structural Design Criteria for Structures Other than Buildings 2-2

3. AISC SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS 2-2

a. Metric Load and Resistance Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings 2-2

b. Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings 2-2

c. Specification for Structural Steel Buildings - Allowable Stress Design and

Plastic Design 2-3

d. Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings 2-3

e. Code of Standard Practice . 2-3

f. Manual of Steel Construction, LRFD, Metric Conversion 2-3

g. Manual of Steel Construction, LRFD . 2-3

h. Manual of Steel Construction, ASD 2-4

4. AWS SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS 2-4

a. D1.1 Structural Welding Code - Steel 2-4

b. D1.3 Structural Welding Code - Sheet Steel . 2-4

c. D1.4 Structural Welding Code - Reinforcing Steel . 2-4

d. A2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive Testing 2-4

e. A5-series Filler Metal Related Specifications . 2-4

5. FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY 2-5

a. FEMA 267 & 267B Steel Moment Frame Structures – Interim Guidelines . 2-5

b. FEMA 267 Replacement 2-5

c. FEMA 273 NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings 2. -5

d. FEMA 302 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for new Buildings and

Other Structures . 2-5

CHAPTER 3. WELDING PROCESSES AND MATERIALS

1. WELDING AND RELATED PROCESSES 3-1

a. General - Welding 3-1

b. General - Heating and Thermal Cutting . 3-1

c. General - Weld Heat-Affected Zone . 3-1

d. Project Specifications 3-1

2. APPLICATION OF HEAT FOR WELDING . 3-1

a. Cooling Rate Control . 3-1

b. Preheat for Prequalified Applications . 3-2

c. Preheat for Non-prequalified Applications . 3-4

d. Preheat for Sheet Steel to Structural Steel 3-4

e. Interpass Temperature 3-4

f. Postheat (PWHT) . 3-5

3. APPLICATION OF HEAT FOR STRAIGHTENING AND CAMBERING 3-5

a. Principle 3-5

b. Cambering Procedure 3-5

c. Maximum Temperatures 3-5

4. THERMAL CUTTING 3-5

a. Oxyfuel Cutting . 3-5

b. Plasma Arc Cutting 3-5

c. Edge Quality . 3-6

5. AIR CARBON ARC GOUGING 3-6

a. Process . 3-6

b. Surface Finishing 3-6

CHAPTER 4. STRUCTURAL STEELS

1. AISC AND AWS LISTED STRUCTURAL STEELS . 4-1

a. AISC Approved Steels . 4-1

b. AWS Prequalified Steels 4-1

c. AWS Approved Steels . 4-2

d. Matching Filler Metals for Prequalified Steels 4-2

e. Matching Filler Metals for Non-qualified Steels . 4-3

f. Unlisted Steels . 4-4

2. WELDABILITY OF STRUCTURAL STEELS . 4-4

a. Chemical Composition 4-4

b. Carbon Equivalency . 4-6

3. PROPERTY ENHANCEMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL STEELS 4-8

a. Yield to Ultimate Strength Ratio . 4-8

b. Killed Steel 4-9

c. Fine Grain Practice 4-9

d. Toughness . 4-9

e. Improved Through-thickness Properties 4-10

f. Normalizing . 4-10

4. SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEELS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND SERVICE

APPLICATIONS 4-10

a. High-seismic Applications 4-10

b. Fatigue Applications 4-10

c. Cold Weather Applications . 4-12

d. High Stress / Strain / Restraint Applications . 4-13

5. AVAILABILITY OF STRUCTURAL STEELS . 4-13

CHAPTER 5. DESIGN FOR WELDING

1. GENERAL . 5-1

a. Engineer’s Responsibility . 5-1

2. GOOD DESIGN PRACTICE 5-1

a. Availability of Materials, Equipment and Personnel 5-1

b. Access 5-1

c. Position . 5-2

d. Joint Selection 5-2

e. Prequalified Joint Details 5-3

f. Qualified Joint Details 5-3

g. Distortion . 5-3

3. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WELDED JOINTS . 5-4

a. Effective Weld Size / Throat . 5-4

b. Allowable Stresses / Design Strengths 5-4

c. Minimum / Maximum Weld Sizes . 5-6

d. Maximum Fillet Weld Size . 5-6

e. Available Design Aids 5-6

f. Weld Access Holes 5-6

g. Reentrant Corners . 5-6

h. Heavy Section Joint Provisions . 5-6

i. Backing Bars . 5-7

j. Weld Tabs . 5-7

k. Welding Sequence and Distortion Control . 5-8

l. Lamellar Tearing 5-8

m. Brittle Fracture 5-9

4. DESIGN FOR CYCLICALLY LOADED STRUCTURES (FATIGUE) . 5-9

a. General . 5-9

b. Fatigue Design Details . 5-10

c. Allowable Stress Ranges . 5-11

d. Fatigue Life Enhancement 5-11

5. HIGH SEISMIC APPLICATIONS 5-11

a. Latest Guidance . 5-12

b. Applicability . 5-12

c. Materials Concerns and Specifications 5-12

d. Joint Selection . 5-13

e. Joint Detail Modifications and Enhancements . 5-13

f. Inspection Enhancements 5-13

CHAPTER 6. STUD WELDING

1. GENERAL 6-1

2. STUD WELDING PROCESS 6-1

3. STUD BASE QUALIFICATION 6-1

4. WELDING PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION . 6-1

5. PRE-PRODUCTION TESTING 6-1

6. INSPECTION 6-2

CHAPTER 7. WELDING TO EXISTING STRUCTURES

1. GENERAL 7-1

2. DETERMINING WELDABILITY OF EXISTING STRUCTURAL STEELS 7-1

a. Investigation . 7-1

b. Carbon Equivalency . 7-1

3. WELDING TO OLDER STRUCTURAL STEELS . 7-1

4. INTERMIXING WELD PROCESSES AND FILLER METALS 7-1

a. FCAW-S Deposits . 7-1

b. Investigation . 7-2