Development of Indicators for an Integrated Product Policy

1,91

MB

330

stron

5058

ID

Directorate-General for the Environment, European Commission

2005

rok

Table of Contents

1 Goal and scope 14

1.1 Structure of the study 14

1.2 Scope of the study 15

1.2.1 Background 16

1.2.2 Related policies 19

2 Methodology 22

2.1 Methodology for indicators 22

2.1.1 How to define an indicator 22

2.1.2 Classical environmental indicators contra market and impact indicators 23

2.1.3 Indicator models 24

2.1.4 PSR model 24

2.1.5 DPSIR model 24

2.1.6 DPSIR related to IPP 29

2.2 Methodology for life cycle assessment 33

2.2.1 LCA related to IPP 35

2.3 Methodology for selecting products and indicators 35

3 Literature study on relevant data sources for indicators for IPP 42

3.1 Intended indicators and indicator sets 42

3.1.1 United Nation’s work on indicators for SD 43

3.1.2 OECD’s work on indicators for SD 43

3.1.3 EU strategy for SD 44

3.1.4 EU’s work on indicators for the environment and sustainable development 45

3.1.5 UK’s work with indicators for SD 49

3.1.6 Sweden’s indicators for SD 50

3.1.7 Finland’s indicators for SD 50

3.1.8 Denmark’s indicators for SD 513.1.9 Nordic indicators for SD 51

3.1.10 Global reporting initiative 53

3.1.11 The SIGMA Project 55

3.1.12 Dow Jones Sustainability Index 55

3.2 Eco-label criteria 57

3.3 Environmental product declarations (EPD) 58

3.4 Green procurement guidelines 59

3.5 LCA databases 60

3.6 Efficiency and footprint studies 60

3.6.1 The Swedish study of knowledge of the environmental impact of products 61

4 Overview of existing indicators with relevance to IPP 63

4.1 Experience from the methodology study 63

4.2 Experience from the indicator study 65

4.2.1 Indicators for IPP – a net list 65

4.2.2 Coupling the indicators to the DPSIR model 67

4.3 Modelling as opposed to indicators 71

4.4 Organisational behaviour – the missing link 71

4.5 Standardisation and the New Approach 75

4.6 Alternative sources of indicators 76

5 Data retrieval on environmental impact of some products 78

5.1 Criteria for the selection of products 79

5.1.1 Relevance 80

5.1.2 Potential for improvement 96

5.1.3 Steerability 97

5.1.4 Data availability 97

5.1.5 Supplementing criteria for building the Basket 98

5.2 Approach for the data retrieval 100

5.3 Retrospective studies 107

6 A Basket of products 110

6.1 Structure of the Basket 111

6.2 Selecting products for the Basket 113

6.3 Selecting indicators for the Basket 115

6.3.1 Basket-related indicators 115

6.3.2 Supporting indicators 121

6.3.3 Relationship between the Basket and supporting indicators 122

6.3.4 Interference from the Basket 1236.4 Weighting and aggregating 123

6.5 Data collection 124

6.5.1 The short term perspective 124

6.5.2 The long term perspective 126

6.6 Updating the Basket 130

6.7 Future strategies 131

6.7.1 Feasibility of a Basket 132

6.7.2 Future strategies that may support a Basket 134

7 Recommendations 137

7.1 Need for further research 139

8 References 141

Appendices

Appendix 1 Product group sheets

Appendix 2 Washing machines with focus on historical data

Appendix 3 Refrigerators with focus on historical data

Appendix 4 Blue Angel criteria time series

Appendix 5 Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP)

Appendix 6 Questionnaire and the list of contacted companies and associations used for collecting

data in Section 7

Appendix 7 Products and indicators in the Basket

Appendix 8 Supporting indicators