TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR DDT, DDE, and DDD

3,28
MB

437
stron

5067
ID Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

2001
rok

CONTENTS

FOREWORD . v

QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS . vii

CONTRIBUTORS . ix

PEER REVIEW . xi

LIST OF FIGURES xvii

LIST OF TABLES xix

1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT 1

1.1 WHAT ARE DDT, DDE, AND DDD? 2

1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO DDT, DDE, AND DDD WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT? . 2

1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO DDT, DDE, AND DDD? 4

1.4 HOW CAN DDT, DDE, AND DDD ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY? 5

1.5 HOW CAN DDT, DDE, AND DDD AFFECT MY HEALTH? . 6

1.6 HOW CAN DDT, DDE, AND DDD AFFECT CHILDREN? 7

1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO DDT, DDE, AND DDD? . 8

1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO DDT,

DDE, AND DDD? . 10

1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT

HUMAN HEALTH? . 10

1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION? . 11

2. HEALTH EFFECTS 13

2.1 INTRODUCTION . 13

2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE 14

2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure . 15

2.2.1.1 Death 16

2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects . 16

2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects . 17

2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects 17

2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects 17

2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects . 17

2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects 17

2.2.1.8 Cancer . 17

2.2.2 Oral Exposure 18

2.2.2.1 Death 18

2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects . 48

2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects . 59

2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects 62

2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects 64

2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects . 70

2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects 76

2.2.2.8 Cancer . 77

2.2.3 Dermal Exposure . 92

2.2.3.1 Death 92

2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects . 93

2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects . 94

2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects 94

2.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects 94

2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects . 94

2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects 95

2.2.3.8 Cancer . 95

2.3 HEALTH EFFECTS IN WILDLIFE POTENTIALLY RELEVANT TO HUMAN HEALTH 95

2.3.1 Death . 114

2.3.2 Systemic Effects . 118

2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects 135

2.3.4 Neurological/Behavioral Effects 136

2.3.5 Reproductive Effects . 140

2.3.6 Eggshell Thinning in Birds 146

2.3.7 Developmental Effects 149

2.3.8 Genotoxic Effects 153

2.3.9 Cancer 153

2.4 TOXICOKINETICS 153

2.4.1 Absorption . 154

2.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure 154

2.4.1.2 Oral Exposure 154

2.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure 155

2.4.2 Distribution . 155

2.4.3 Metabolism . 158

2.4.4 Elimination and Excretion . 162

2.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models 164

2.5 MECHANISMS OF ACTION . 172

2.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms . 172

2.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity . 173

2.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations 185

2.6 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH 186

2.7 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION . 207

2.8 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY . 210

2.9 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT 216

2.9.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to DDT, DDE, and DDD . 218

2.9.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by DDT, DDE, and DDD . 219

2.10 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS 220

2.11 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE . 222

2.12 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS . 222

2.12.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure 223

2.12.2 Reducing Body Burden 223

2.12.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects . 224

2.13 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE . 225

2.13.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of DDT, DDE, and DDD . 225

2.13.2 Identification of Data Needs 227

2.13.3 Ongoing Studies . 237

3. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION 241

3.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY . 241

3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . 241

4. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL 247

4.1 PRODUCTION 247

4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT . 248

4.3 USE . 248

4.4 DISPOSAL . 248

5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE . 251

5.1 OVERVIEW 251

5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT . 254

5.2.1 Air 254

5.2.2 Water 256

5.2.3 Soil . 256

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE 257

5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning . 257

5.3.2 Transformation and Degradation 262

5.3.2.1 Air . 262

5.3.2.2 Water . 262

5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil . 263

5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT 266

5.4.1 Air 266

5.4.2 Water 268

5.4.3 Sediment and Soil 270

5.4.4 Other Environmental Media 274

5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE . 283

5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN 295

5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES 297

5.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE . 298

5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs 298

5.8.2 Ongoing Studies . 301

6. ANALYTICAL METHODS . 303

6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES . 303

6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 307

6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE . 311

6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs 311

6.3.2 Ongoing Studies . 312

7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES 313

8. REFERENCES . 319

9. GLOSSARY . 387

APPENDICES

A. ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS A-1

B. USER’S GUIDE B-1

C. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS . . C-1