| | Stakeholder-Assisted Modeling and Policy Design Process for |
| | 3,38 | | MB | Engineering Systems |
| | 462 | | stron |
| | 5068 | | ID | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| | 2005 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | Acknowledgments5 |
| | Abstract.7 |
| | Table of Contents.9 |
| | Table of Figures. 12 |
| | Table of Tables 15 |
| | Chapter 1 17 |
| | Introduction. 17 |
| | At the Outset . 17 |
| | 1.1 Motivation and Context: Engineering Systems and Public Policymaking . 19 |
| | 1.2 Significance of Dissertation Topic . 22 |
| | 1.3 Dissertation Objective: A Better Engineering Systems Decision-making Process. 25 |
| | 1.4 Methodology 26 |
| | 1.5 Research Focus 30 |
| | 1.6 Case Study: Permit Process for the Cape Wind Project 31 |
| | 1.7 Dissertation Structure. 32 |
| | 1.8 Chapter Summary 37 |
| | Chapter 2 39 |
| | Engineering Systems Analysis. 39 |
| | 2.1 What are Engineering Systems? . 39 |
| | 2.2 Engineering Systems Analysis Methodologies . 45 |
| | 2.3 The CLIOS Process . 53 |
| | 2.4 CLIOS Representation Stage (Steps 1-5) 56 |
| | 2.5 CLIOS Design, Evaluation and Selection Stage (Steps 6-9) . 63 |
| | 2.7 Critique of Engineering Systems Methodologies 71 |
| | 2.8 Chapter Summary 73 |
| | Chapter 3 75 |
| | The Role of Expert Analysis in Decision-Making. 75 |
| | 3.1 The Role of Technical Expertise in Engineering Systems Policymaking 75 |
| | 3.2 Challenges for Effective Use of Science in Engineering Systems Policy 77 |
| | 3.3 Perceived Scientists/Expert Bias and Scientific Advocacy 79 |
| | 3.4 Communicating Science and Scientific Uncertainty . 85 |
| | 3.5 Interactions among stakeholders, decision-makers and scientists/experts 88 |
| | 3.6 System Representations and System Models as Boundary Objects in Science- Intensive |
| | Disputes . 91 |
| | 3.7 Obstacles to Increasing the Role of Expertise in Decision-making . 93 |
| | Chapter 4 99 |
| | Stakeholders Involvement in Engineering Systems 99 |
| | 4.1 Institutional Support for Public Involvement throughout History99 |
| | 4.2 Who is a Stakeholder Anyway? 104 |
| | 4.3 Levels of Stakeholder Participation 105 |
| | 4.4 Rationale for Stakeholder Participation 108 |
| | 4.5 Existing Public Participation Methodologies for Engineering Systems . 111 |
| | 4.6 Pros and Cons of Stakeholder Participation in Decision-Making 124 |
| | 4.7 Insights and Challenges from Past Stakeholder Process Experiences 126 |
| | 4.8 Contributions of this Dissertation to the Stakeholder Participation Literature . 127 |
| | 4.9 Critique of Stakeholder Involvement in Engineering Systems 128 |
| | 4.10 Chapter Summary 130 |
| | Chapter 5 133 |
| | Systems Representation and Decision-making. 133 |
| | 5.1 Representations and the Abstraction of Reality 134 |
| | 5.2 Internal Representation: Mental Maps 135 |
| | 5.3 External Representation: Words and Imagery. 135 |
| | 5.4 Representations, Beliefs and Value Systems 137 |
| | 5.5 Representation and Bias. 138 |
| | 5.6 Engineering Systems Representation 140 |
| | 5.7 Experiments in Engineering Systems Representation . 143 |
| | 5.8 Stakeholders, Conflict and Systems Representation 150 |
| | 5.9 Challenges with Involving Stakeholder in Engineering Systems Representation. 151 |
| | 5.10 Designing an Effective Stakeholder-Assisted Representation Process 154 |
| | 5.11 Limitations of System Representation as a Basis for Collaborative Processes. 155 |
| | 5.12 Chapter Summary 156 |
| | Chapter 6 159 |
| | Stakeholder-Assisted Modeling and Policy Design 159 |
| | 6.1 The Stakeholder-Assisted Modeling and Policy Design Process (SAM-PD). 159 |
| | 6.2 The SAM-PD Process 162 |
| | 6.3 Problem Identification and Process Preparation Stage 166 |
| | 6.5 Extracting Contextual Knowledge from Stakeholder Statements 177 |
| | 6.6 System Representation, Evaluation, and Policy Design Stage (CLIOS Steps 1-9). 182 |
| | 6.8 Consensus-seeking Negotiation (CLIOS Steps 7-9) 194 |
| | 6.9 Process Effectiveness and Validity Assessment Through Peer Review. 198 |
| | 6.10 Implementation and Post-implementation Stage (CLIOS Steps 10-12) . 202 |
| | 6.11 Chapter Summary 205 |
| | Chapter 7 207 |
| | The Cape Wind Offshore Wind Energy Project 207 |
| | 7.1 Project Timeline 208 |
| | 7.2 Legal Context for Offshore Wind Energy Development in Massachusetts 209 |
| | 7.3 Project Overview . 210 |
| | 7.4 The Environmental Impact Assessment Process . 211 |
| | 7.5 Public Reaction to Cape Wind . 215 |
| | 7.6 Stakeholder Involvement in the Cape Wind Project 218 |
| | 7.7 Major Sources of Dispute in the DEIS . 220 |
| | 7.8 Current Status of the Project 222 |
| | 7.9 Chapter Summary 222 |
| | Chapter 8 225 |
| | Stakeholder-Assisted System Representation of Cape Wind. 225 |
| | 8.1 Applying the SAM-PD Process to the Cape Wind Project 225 |
| | 8.2 Problem Identification and Process Preparation 226 |
| | 8.3 Stakeholder Conflict Assessment . 231 |
| | 8.4 Problem Refinement and System Definition. 250 |
| | 8.5 Initial Stakeholder-Assisted Representation . 250 |
| | 8.6 Stakeholder-Refined Systems Representation. 278 |
| | 8.7 Workshop Dynamics and Results. 288 |
| | 8.8 Exploring the Hypothesis Through Stakeholder Feedback Survey 294 |
| | 8.9 Additional Feedback from the Stakeholder Survey. 296 |
| | 8.10 Comparing the Refined Stakeholder-Assisted Representation with the U.S. Army Corps of |
| | Engineers Scoping Document 298 |
| | 8.12 Chapter Summary 305 |
| | Chapter 9 307 |
| | Learning from the Cape Wind Case Study 307 |
| | 9.1 SAM-PD Process Preparation 307 |
| | 9.2 Collaborative Process Dynamics 311 |
| | 9.3 System Representation as a Basis for Collaborative Process. 312 |
| | 9.4 Compatibility of SAM-PD with Current Permitting Process. 316 |
| | 9.5 Additional Insights From the Cape Coordinate Community Energy Planning Process 317 |
| | 9.6 Chapter Summary 318 |
| | Chapter 10 319 |
| | The Mexico City Transportation/Air Pollution System. 319 |
| | 10.1 Applying SAM-PD to the Mexico City Transportation/Air Pollution System. 319 |
| | 10.2 Background on the Mexico City Transportation/Air Pollution System 320 |
| | 10.3 The Mexico City Project and the Impact of Its Recommendations 321 |
| | 10.4 Stakeholder Involvement in the Mexico City Project 327 |
| | 10.5 Using SAM-PD for the Mexico City Transportation/Air Pollution System. 329 |
| | 10.6 Obstacles to Collaborative Process for the Mexico City Project and Other Developing Country |
| | Systems. 348 |
| | 10.7 Chapter Summary 349 |
| | Chapter 11 351 |
| | Conclusion and Future Work . 351 |
| | 11.1 Summary of Dissertation 351 |
| | 11.2 Contributions of this Dissertation. 353 |
| | 11.3 Observations from Dissertation 359 |
| | 11.4 Validations of the Hypothesis 367 |
| | 11.5 Limitation of the Research . 370 |
| | 11.6 Future Work. 371 |
| | 11.7 A Closing Word. 373 |
| | Glossary . 377 |
| | Appendix A - Cape Wind Online Survey Invitation Letter and Survey Questionnaire and Raw Survey |
| | Results 389 |
| | Appendix B Offshore Wind Energy Stakeholder-Assisted System Representation Invitation and |
| | Assessment Survey 415 |
| | APPENDIX C Refined System Representations for Cape Wind. 420 |
| | Appendix D Cape and Islands Coordinate Community Energy Planning Process System |
| | Representation and Survey Results 431 |