GUIDELINES FOR MARINE ARTIFICIAL REEF MATERIALS

9,49

MB

205

stron

5069

ID

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

2004

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contributing Authors ii

Acknowledgments iv

Table of Contents v

Preface . vi

1.0 Introduction . 1

1.1 Purpose 1

1.2 Background 1

1.3 History 2

1.4 National Artificial Reef Plan . 3

1.4.1 Function . 3

1.4.2 Compatibility . 4

1.4.3 Durability 4

1.4.4 Stability . 4

1.5 Gulf and Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commissions . 4

2.0 Discussion of Materials 6

2.1 Concrete . 6

2.2 Steel Hulled Vessels 14

2.3 Oil and Gas Platforms . 49

2.4 Aircraft . 65

2.5 Railroad, Subway, and Street Cars 81

2.6 Designed Structures . 91

2.7 Military Hardware . 102

2.8 Natural Materials 116

2.8.1 Wood . 116

2.8.2 Shell 117

2.8.3 Rock 120

2.8.4 Electrodeposition 125

2.9 Fiberglass, Ferro-cement, and Wooden Vessels 131

2.9.1 Fiberglass Boats and Boat Molds 131

2.9.2 Ferro-cement Vessels . 134

2.9.3 Dry Docks . 134

2.9.4 Wooden Vessels . 135

2.10 Ash Byproducts . 142

2.10.1 Solid Municipal Incineration Ash Byproduct 143

2.10.2 Coal Combustion Ash Byproduct . 143

2.10.3 Oil Combustion Byproduct Ash . 150

2.11 Vehicles . 159

2.12 Vehicle Tires . 166

2.13 White Goods . 192

2.14 Miscellaneous 193

3.0 Conclusion . . 198