| | Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technologies in |
| | 2,11 | | MB | Residential Building Codes |
| | 170 | | stron |
| | 5077 | | ID | National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
| | 2005 | | rok |
| | Table of Contents |
| | Executive Summary iii |
| | Preface to the Reportv |
| | 1.0 Introduction 1 |
| | 2.0 About this Report .3 |
| | 2.1 Codes and Technologies.3 |
| | 2.2 Scope5 |
| | 2.3 Comment on Footnotes.5 |
| | 3.0 General Issues of Code Impacts on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technologies6 |
| | 3.1 Alternatives to Materials, Design, Methods of Construction and Equipment 6 |
| | 3.2 Solar Access .6 |
| | 3.3 Sustainability .7 |
| | 3.4 Climate Criteria7 |
| | 3.5 Energy Compliance Paths .8 |
| | 3.6 Inappropriate Prescriptive Requirements in the International Residential Code Performance Path |
| | .9 |
| | 3.7 Building Energy Analysis Methods 10 |
| | 3.8 UL or Comparable Listing of Electrical and Mechanical Components11 |
| | 3.9 Economic Realities11 |
| | 3.10 Complication and Expense of the Performance Path as a Deterrent to Innovation12 |
| | 3.11 Requirements for Renewable Energy Sources to Qualify under the IECC Performance Path12 |
| | |
| | 4.0 Code Impacts by Technology.14 |
| | 4.1 Photovoltaic Systems in Buildings and Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Systems14 |
| | 4.1.1 Photovoltaic Systems and the National Electrical Code .14 |
| | 4.1.2 Photovoltaic Systems and Structural and Mechanical Requirements 17 |
| | 4.1.3 Photovoltaic Systems and Systems Analysis of the IECC.24 |
| | 4.1.4 Summary of Codes and Standards for PV Systems.25 |
| | 4.2 Active Solar Domestic Hot Water and Space-heating Systems.26 |
| | 4.2.1 Active Solar Hot Water Systems and Systems Analysis of the IECC.38 |
| | 4.3 Passive Solar Energy and Low-energy Design .40 |
| | 4.3.1 Glazing Area, Orientation, and Shading .40 |
| | 4.3.2 Thermal Mass.43 |
| | 4.3.3 High Efficiency Equipment, Appliances, and Water Use.44 |
| | 4.3.4 Passive Solar Energy, Low-Energy Design, and Systems Analysis of the IECC46 |
| | 4.4 Innovative Roof/Attic, Wall, Floor, and Foundation Systems.46 |
| | 4.4.1 General Issues46 |
| | 4.4.2 Code Implications of High R-Value Components47 |
| | 4.4.3 Code Implications of High Thermal Mass Components48 |
| | 4.4.4 Code Implications of Components that Modify Solar Radiation 51 |
| | 4.4.5 Code Implications of Less-Expensive Wall Systems 51 |
| | 4.4.6 Code Implications of Components that Reduce Air Infiltration 52 |
| | 4.4.7 Innovative Roof/Attic, Wall, Floor, and Foundation Systems and Systems Analysis of the |
| | IECC.52 |
| | 4.5 Innovative Fenestration Systems or Products.65 |
| | 4.5.1 Innovative Fenestration Systems or Products and Systems Analysis of the IECC 66 |
| | 4.5.2 Sunspaces67 |
| | 4.6 Innovative Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems.69 |
| | 4.6.1 Improved Efficiency 70 |
| | 4.6.2 Equipment with Part-load Curves Tailored to Real World Load Histograms70 |
| | 4.6.3 Improved Control Strategies, including Smart or Adaptive Controls .71 |
| | 4.6.4 Variable-speed Fans or Pumps 71 |
| | 4.6.5 High-efficiency Motors 72 |
| | 4.6.6 Mechanical Ventilation72 |
| | 4.6.7 Evaporative Cooling73 |
| | 4.6.8 Multiple Zoning in Buildings73 |
| | 4.6.9 Ground-source Heat Pumps.73 |
| | 4.6.10 Gas cooling, including Engine-driven Heat Pumps and Absorption Cooling .74 |
| | 4.6.11 Innovative Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems and Systems |
| | Analysis of the IECC.74 |
| | 4.7 Electrical Lighting, Daylighting, and Associated Controls79 |
| | 4.7.1 Code Implications of High-Efficiency Lamps and Fixtures79 |
| | 4.7.2 Code Implications of Daylighting Controls and Associated Circuits.80 |
| | 4.7.3 Code Implications of Windows Associated with Daylighting80 |
| | 4.7.4 Code Implications of Core Daylighting and Light Pipes81 |
| | 4.7.5 Innovative Electrical Lighting and Daylighting and Systems Analysis of the IECC81 |
| | 4.8 Innovative Thermal Storage Systems84 |
| | 4.8.1 General Code Considerations.84 |
| | 4.8.2 Innovative Thermal Storage Systems and Systems Analysis of the IECC85 |
| | 4.9 Buildings Requiring No Heating and/or Cooling Equipment 86 |
| | 4.9.1 Buildings Requiring No Heating and/or Cooling Equipment and Systems Analysis of the |
| | IECC87 |
| | 4.10 Buildings Requiring No Conventional Air Distribution (Duct) Systems.89 |
| | 4.11 Solar-Assisted Ventilation Systems.90 |
| | 4.11.1 Solar-Assisted Ventilation Systems as Ducts .90 |
| | 4.11.2 Solar-Assisted Ventilation Systems as Solar Collectors .91 |
| | 4.11.3 Solar-Assisted Ventilation Systems as Building Walls91 |
| | 4.11.4 Solar-Assisted Ventilation Systems and Systems Analysis of the IECC.91 |
| | 4.12 Desiccant Dehumidification Systems.93 |
| | 4.12.1 Desiccant Dehumidification Systems and Systems Analysis of the IECC93 |
| | 5.0 Appendix A: A Comparison of the SRCC Document OG-300 and the Reviewed Codes in |
| | Regards to Active Solar Hot Water .95 |
| | 6.0 Appendix B: ASHRAE Standard 90.2 Energy-Efficient Design of New Low-Rise Residential |
| | Buildings and Energy Credit for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Technologies 100 |
| | 6.1 Photovoltaic Systems in Buildings and Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Systems101 |
| | 6.2 Active Solar Domestic Hot Water and Space-Heating Systems101 |
| | 6.3 Passive Solar and Low-Energy Design .101 |
| | 6.3.1 Glazing area, orientation, and shading .101 |
| | 6.3.2 Thermal Mass.102 |
| | 6.3.3 High-efficiency Equipment, Appliances, and Water Use.102 |
| | 6.4 Innovative Roof/Attic, Wall, Floor, and Foundation Systems.102 |
| | 6.4.1 Components with High-R-Value102 |
| | 6.4.2 Components with High Thermal Mass102 |
| | 6.4.3 The Ground as Thermal Mass102 |
| | 6.4.4 Components that Modify Solar Radiation .102 |
| | 6.4.5 Less-expensive Wall Systems102 |
| | 6.4.6 Components that Reduce Air infiltration .103 |
| | 6.5 Innovative Fenestration Systems or Products.103 |
| | 6.6 Innovative Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems.103 |
| | 6.6.1 Higher-efficiency Equipment.103 |
| | 6.6.2 Equipment with Part-load Curves Tailored to Real-world Load Histograms.103 |
| | 6.6.3 Improved Control Strategies, including Smart or Adaptive Controls 103 |
| | 6.6.4 Variable-speed Fans or Pumps 104 |
| | 6.6.5 High-efficiency Motors 104 |
| | 6.6.6 Mechanical Ventilation104 |
| | 6.6.7 Evaporative Cooling104 |
| | 6.6.8 Multiple Zoning in Buildings104 |
| | 6.6.9 Ground-source Heat Pumps.104 |
| | 6.6.10 Gas Cooling, including engine-driven Heat Pumps and Absorption Cooling .104 |
| | 6.7 Electrical Lighting, Daylighting, and Associated Controls104 |
| | 6.8 Innovative Thermal Storage Systems105 |
| | 6.9 Buildings Requiring No Heating/Cooling Equipment105 |
| | 6.10 Buildings Requiring No Conventional Air Distribution (Duct) Systems.105 |
| | 6.11 Solar-Assisted Ventilation Systems.105 |
| | 6.12 Desiccant Dehumidification Systems.105 |
| | 7.0 Appendix C: Suggestions for Code Changes108 |
| | 8.0 Appendix D: Suggestions for Potential Research Areas .113 |
| | 9.0 Appendix E: Tables of Code References, Categorized by Renewable Energy and Energy |
| | Efficiency Technology 120 |
| | 10.0 Appendix F: References..156 |