| | An integrated sensor system for monitoring washing processes |
| | 0,95 | | MB |
| | 239 | | stron |
| | 5090 | | ID | Universiteit Twente |
| | 1999 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | 1. Introduction 1 |
| | 1.1 Motivation . 1 |
| | 1.2 Trends in sensor design. 2 |
| | 1.3 General sensor concepts 4 |
| | 1.4 Levels of integration 8 |
| | 1.5 Outline of this thesis 11 |
| | 1.6 References 12 |
| | 2. Specification of the washing environment. 15 |
| | 2.1 Washing. 15 |
| | 2.2 Detergents 19 |
| | 2.3 Sequential dosing and interfacing . 23 |
| | 2.4 Conclusion and selection of washing parameters. 25 |
| | 2.5 References 28 |
| | 3. Selection of sensor materials based on a literature overview. 29 |
| | 3.1 Introduction 29 |
| | 3.2 Sensor classification by measured washing parameter 31 |
| | 3.3 Sensor classification as electronic devices 43 |
| | 3.4 Sensor classification by materials and technology 50 |
| | 3.5 Conclusions . 67 |
| | 3.6 References 71 |
| | 4. A multi-purpose sensor-actuator structure . 75 |
| | 4.1 Device modelling and design. 75 |
| | 4.2 Experimental . 88 |
| | 4.3 Conclusions . 100 |
| | 4.4 References 102 |
| | 4.A Hoya® glass wafer SD-1 and SD-2 datasheet 103 |
| | 4.B The fabrication process . 104 |
| | 5. Amperometric bleach detection 105 |
| | 5.1 General concepts 105 |
| | 5.2 The chemistry of hydrogen peroxide 106 |
| | 5.3 Controlled potential measurement techniques 112 |
| | 5.4 Experimental . 117 |
| | 5.5 Summary . 124 |
| | 5.6 References 125 |
| | 6. Thermoresistive heating. 127 |
| | 6.1 Heating a finite volume. 127 |
| | 6.2 Heating an infinite volume. 129 |
| | 6.3 The substrate material . 136 |
| | 6.4 Mass flow measurement . 144 |
| | 6.5 Summary . 146 |
| | 6.6 References 147 |
| | 7. Stimulus-response measurements 149 |
| | 7.1 Mathematical generalisation of differential measurement systems . 149 |
| | 7.2 Some examples based on available actuators. 155 |
| | 7.3 Conclusions . 167 |
| | 7.4 References 169 |
| | 8. Ion concentration estimation using conductivity and temperature. 171 |
| | 8.1 The effect of temperature on conductivity . 171 |
| | 8.2 A linear minimum mean square estimation. 176 |
| | 8.3 Experimental . 187 |
| | 8.4 Conclusions . 193 |
| | 8.5 References 195 |
| | 9. Supplementary results 197 |
| | 9.1 Hardness and conductivity of tap water 197 |
| | 9.2 A conductivity cell on a PCB 199 |
| | 9.3 Integrated conductivity sensor - temperature actuator 201 |
| | 9.4 References 206 |
| | 10. Concluding remarks and suggestions for further research . 207 |
| | 10.1 Concluding remarks 207 |
| | 10.2 Suggestions for further research 211 |
| | 10.3 References 216 |
| | List of publications 217 |
| | Summary. 219 |