| | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LANDFILL GAS UTILIZATION |
| | 0,15 | | MB | TECHNOLOGIES |
| | 65 | | stron |
| | 5198 | | ID | SCS ENGINEERS |
| | 1999 | | rok |
| | CONTENTS |
| | ES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . ES-1 |
| | 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 |
| | Background 1-1 |
| | The Industry's Beginnings 1-1 |
| | Environmental and Economic Benefits 1-1 |
| | The Industry Today . 1-2 |
| | Report Objectives . 1-2 |
| | Report Organization . 1-3 |
| | 2 LFG CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 2-1 |
| | Types of Systems Considered 2-1 |
| | Internal Combustion Systems . 2-1 |
| | External Combustion Systems . 2-1 |
| | Electrochemical Systems . 2-1 |
| | Internal Combustion Systems 2-1 |
| | Reciprocating Engines (ICREs) 2-1 |
| | - Naturally Aspirated . 2-2 |
| | - Lean-Burn, Turbocharged, Aftercooled . 2-2 |
| | - Rotational Speeds 2-4 |
| | - Conceptual Design 2-4 |
| | - Performance Characteristics 2-4 |
| | - Estimated Capital and Operation and Maintenance Costs . 2-6 |
| | Gas Turbines 2-6 |
| | - Conceptual Design 2-7 |
| | - Performance Characteristics 2-7 |
| | - Estimated Capital and Operation and Maintenance Costs . 2-7 |
| | Advantages/Disadvantages of ICRE vs. Gas Turbine 2-11 |
| | External Combustion Systems 2-12 |
| | Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) . 2-12 |
| | - Conceptual Design . 2-14 |
| | - Performance Characteristics . 2-14 |
| | - Estimated Costs . 2-14 |
| | - Advantages/Disadvantages of ORC . 2-16 |
| | Stirling Cycle Engines 2-16 |
| | - Conceptual Design . 2-17 |
| | - Performance Characteristics . 2-17 |
| | - Costs . 2-20 |
| | - Advantages/Disadvantages of Stirling Cycle 2-20 |
| | Electrochemical Systems (Fuel Cells) . 2-20 |
| | Conceptual Design 2-23 |
| | Performance Characteristics 2-23 |
| | Estimated Costs 2-24 |
| | Advantages/Disadvantages of Fuel Cells 2-24 |
| | 3 ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES AND PROJECT INCENTIVES 3-1 |
| | Environmental Externalities . 3-1 |
| | Emission Reduction Credits . 3-1 |
| | State Programs . 3-2 |
| | Connecticut 3-2 |
| | Delaware 3-2 |
| | Maine 3-3 |
| | Maryland . 3-3 |
| | Massachusetts . 3-3 |
| | New Hampshire 3-5 |
| | New Jersey 3-5 |
| | New York . 3-6 |
| | Pennsylvania . 3-6 |
| | Rhode Island . 3-7 |
| | Vermont 3-7 |
| | Federal Incentive Programs for LFG Utilization Projects 3-7 |
| | Section 29 - Tax Credits for Producing Fuel from a |
| | Non-Conventional Source . 3-7 |
| | Renewable Energy Production Incentivies (REPI) . 3-8 |
| | Project Partnerships 3-9 |
| | Landfill Owner . 3-9 |
| | LFG Developer . 3-9 |
| | Electric Utility Company 3-12 |
| | Renewable Energy Production Incentive Program . 3-12 |
| | 4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LFG CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 4-1 |
| | Performance 4-1 |
| | Emissions 4-3 |
| | LFG Composition 4-3 |
| | Conversion Processes 4-3 |
| | Potential Emission Reduction Credits . 4-5 |
| | Costs . 4-9 |
| | Comparative Analysis . 4-11 |
| | Conclusions 4-14 |