Potentially Polluting Wrecks in Marine Waters

1,74

MB

84

stron

5213

ID

Research Planning, Inc.

2005

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .

I. INTRODUCTION

Background .

Goals and Organization of the Paper

Definitions .

II. THE OIL POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF WRECKS IN MARINE WATERS .

Data Sources and Limitations .

Data Sources .

Analytical Methods`

Summary Statistics

International Statistic s.

Regional Analyses.

III. LEGAL AND FINANCIAL POLICIES.

Background .

Treatment of Wrecks in the United States

Treatment of Vessels Under the Wreck Act

Treatment of Wrecks Under the Abandoned Barge Act.

Treatment of Wrecks under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.

Treatment of Wrecks Under the Domestic Law of Other States

Treatment of Wrecks Under International Law

IV. TECHNOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY OF OIL REMOVAL FROM WRECKS.

Introduction.

Factors Influencing Salvage Planning

Mobilization Distance .

Sea Conditions

Oil Type

Wreck Conditions .

Wreck Location Factors

State-of-the-art Capabilities and Limitations

Wreck Inspection

Oil Removal

Viscosity Lowering Techniques

Limits of Diving Operations .

Assessing the Cost of Oil Removal Operations

V. ASSESSING THE RISKS OF POTENTIALLY POLLUTING WRECKS.

Environmental Risk Assessment for Sunken Wrecks.

Potential Economic of Impacts on Fisheries and Tourism .

Using Spill Trajectory Modeling in Risk Assessment for Oil Spills from Wrecks

War Graves, Nautical Heritage, and Conservation Issues related to Shipwrecks

Categorization of Sunken Wrecks.

Oil Cargo, Fuel Quantities, and Estimations

Wreck Risk Assessment Criteria and Matrix

VI. CONSIDERATIONS FOR REDUCING THE RISKS OF POTENTIALLY POLLUTING WRECKS

Problem Definition

Risk Assessment of Potentially Polluting Wrecks

Improving the Legal Regimes for Wreck Removal

Improving Technology for Wreck Assessment and Oil Removal

VII. REFERENCES CITED.