Environmental Assessment of a Waste Incineration Tax - Case

0,81

MB

Study and Evaluation of a Framework for Strategic

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stron

Environmental Assessment

5238

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Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI)

2004

rok

Contents

PREFACE 3

CONTENTS 5

ABSTRACT. 7

SUMMARY 8

1 INTRODUCTION 11

2 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT. 13

2.1 COMPONENTS OF SEA 13

2.2 SEA METHODS DEPENDING ON CONTEXT 14

3 APPROACH AND FRAMEWORK 16

3.1 FUTURE STUDIES AND DESCRIBING THE TECHNICAL SYSTEM. 18

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS . 18

3.3 VALUATION 20

4 ABOUT THE PROPOSED WASTE INCINERATION TAX. 22

4.1 ROLE IN SWEDISH WASTE POLICY. 22

4.2 OBJECTIVES 22

4.3 WASTE FLOWS 23

4.4 CASE STUDY ALTERNATIVES . 27

5 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS METHODS 35

5.1 QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT 35

5.1 LCA 38

5.2 SITE-ADJUSTED LCA 44

5.3 VALUATION METHODS 48

6 RESULTS OF THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS. 52

6.1 TRANSPORTS 53

6.2 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM COAL 54

6.3 HEAT PRODUCTION FROM TIMBER FELLING RESIDUES . 55

6.4 DIGESTION . 55

6.5 COMPOSTING 57

6.6 INCINERATION 59

6.7 RECYCLING 61

6.8 LANDFILL. 63

6.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 64

7 RESULTS OF THE TRADITIONAL LCA 69

7.1 ENERGY . 69

7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORIES. 71

7.2 SHORT VS. LONG TIME HORIZON FOR LANDFILL EMISSIONS. 79

7.3 CONCLUSIONS OF THE TRADITIONAL LCA 81

8 RESULTS OF THE SITE-ADJUSTED LCA . 82

8.1 CONCLUSIONS OF THE SITE-ADJUSTED LCA 85

9 RESULTS OF THE LCA VALUATION 86

10 EVALUATION OF THE FRAMEWORK 93

10.1 QUALITATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 93

10.2 TRADITIONAL LCA 94

10.3 SITE-ADJUSTED LCA 97

10.4 WEIGHTED LCA 97

11 FINAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 100

11.1 ASSESSMENT OF A WASTE INCINERATION TAX 100

11.2 EVALUATION OF THE SEA FRAMEWORK. 100

11.3 DEVELOPMENT OF A SITE-ADJUSTED APPROACH. 101

11.4 UPDATE OF THE ECOTAX WEIGHTING METHOD. 101

REFERENCES. 103