Development of a Ducted Wind Turbine

3,48

MB

134

stron

5248

ID

University of Strathclyde

2004

rok

Contents

List of Figures iv

List of Symbols vi

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 History of Wind Power 4

3.0 The Wind Resource 7

3.1 Coriolis Force 8

3.2 Roughness and Wind Shear 9

3.3 Wind Shade 11

3.4 Sea Breezes 12

3.5 Mountain and Valley Winds 12

3.6 Tunnel Effect 13

4.0 Wind Measurement and Instrumentation 14

4.1 The Beaufort Scale 14

4.2 Modern Day Instruments 15

4.2.1 Anemometers 15

4.2.2 Wind Vanes 17

4.3 The UK Wind Resource 18

5.0 Wind Turbine Design 20

5.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 20

5.2 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines 21

5.2.1 Number of Blades 21

5.2.2 Location of Blades 22

5.2.3 Turbine Wake 22

5.2.4 Park Effect 23

5.3 Environmental Effects 24

5.3.1 Visual Impact 24

5.3.2 Noise 24

5.3.3 Shadow 25

5.3.4 Flicker 25

5.3.5 Animals 25

5.3.6 Electro-Magnetic Interference 25

6.0 Wind Power Theory 26

6.1 Wind Turbine Components 26

6.2 Lift and Drag Forces 28

6.3 Wind Turbine Calculations 32

6.3.1 Power in the Wind 32

6.3.2 Tip Speed Ratio 33

6.3.3 Betz Theory 34

7.0 Ducted Wind Turbines 39

7.1 Progression of the DWT 39

7.2 DWT Theory 41

7.3 Size and Power 45

7.4 Embedded Generation (Distributed Generation) 47

7.4.1 Benefits of Embedded Generation 48

7.4.2 Embedded Generators 48

7.4.2.1 DC System 48

7.4.2.2 AC/DC System 49

7.4.2.3 AC System 49

7.4.2.4 Grid Interfaced System 49

7.4.2.5 Grid Connected System 50

8.0 Storage 52

8.1 Composition of a Battery 52

8.2 Battery Connections 54

8.3 Battery Maintenance 55

9.0 Generator Characterisation 57

9.1 Characterisation of DC Motor 57

9.1.1 DC Motors 57

9.1.1.1 DC Motor Types 59

9.1.1.2 Torque in DC Motors 60

9.1.1.3 Armature Voltage 62

9.1.1.4 DC Shunt Motor 63

9.1.2 Dynamometer 64

9.1.2.1 Eddy Current Dynamometer 65

9.1.3 Motor Testing 66

9.1.3.1 Test Equipment 66

9.1.3.2 Test Procedure 68

9.1.3.2.1 No Load 68

9.1.3.2.2 Constant Speed 69

9.1.4 Results 70

9.1.4.1 Results from No Load Testing 70

9.1.4.2 Results from Constant Speed Testing 71

9.1.4.3 Results from combining test data 74

9.2 Characterisation of Generators 75

9.2.1 Generators 75

9.2.2 Generator Testing 80

9.2.2.1 Test Equipment 80

9.2.2.2 Test Procedure 81

9.2.2.2.1 No Load 81

9.2.2.2.2 Resistive Loads 83

9.2.2.2.3 Battery Charging 83

9.2.3 Results 84

9.2.3.1 No Load Results 84

9.2.3.2 Resistive Load Results 84

9.2.3.3 Battery Charging Results 86

9.3 Complete Generator Characterisation 87

9.3.1 Combination Theory 88

9.3.2 Chinese Generator Results 88

9.3.3 Marlec 1-ph Generator Results 92

9.3.4 Marlec 3-ph Generator Results 93

9.3.5 All Results 95

10.0 Field Testing of Marlec Generator 99

10.1 Control Circuit 100

10.1.1 Dump Load Controller 100

10.1.2 Battery Backup Controller 103

10.1.3 Control Circuit Wiring Diagram 105

10.2 Data Logger 107

10.2.1 Anemometer 109

10.2.2 Wind Vane 109

10.3 Results 112

11.0 Discussion 117

12.0 Future Work 120

13.0 Conclusion 121

14.0 References 122

15.0 Bibliography 123