Aiding Renewable Energy Integration through Complimentary

8,99

MB

Demand-Supply Matching

355

stron

5260

ID

University of Strathclyde

2001

rok

Contents

Abstract 1

Chapter 1: Introduction 3

Chapter 2: Sustainable Energy Prospects 5

2.1 Sustainability 5

2.2 The Success of Renewables 8

2.3 The Future for Renewable Energy 12

2.4 Small Scale Renewable Energy Generation Issues 16

2.5 Summary 19

2.6 References 20

Chapter 3: Supporting Energy Decisions 23

3.1 Large Scale Decisions 23

3.1.1 Demand Forecasting 23

3.1.2 Demand Side Management 26

3.1.3 The Information Framework 29

3.2 The Flow of Information 30

3.3 Information Systems 34

3.4 Summary 36

3.5 References 38

Chapter 4: Demand Profiles 42

4.1 Introduction 42

4.2 Direct Profiling: Measurement 42

4.2.1 Metering Technologies 43

4.2.2 Metering Communications Options 47

4.3 Indirect Profiling: Employing Trends 49

4.4 Virtual Profiling: Building Simulation 57

4.5 Aggregated Profiling: The Database 59

4.6 Summary 66

4.7 References 67

Chapter 5: Supply Profiles 71

5.1 Introduction 71

5.2 Modelling Photovoltaic Generators 72

5.2.1 Losses by Reflection 74

5.2.2 Thermal Model 79

5.2.3 Electrical Model 86

5.3 Modelling Wind Energy Conversion Devices 94

5.3.1 Power Output Calculations 99

5.4 Modelling Solar Water Heating 112

5.4.1 Predicting Energy Flow in Collectors 113

5.4.2 Predicting the Supply Profile from a Solar Collector System 119

5.5 Summary 127

5.6 References 129

Chapter 6: Matching Supply and Demand 133

6.1 The Hierarchy of Profiles 133

6.2 Match Assessment 137

6.3 Optimisation 145

6.4 Search Orders 147

6.4.1 Best Overall Search 147

6.4.2 Led Search Methods 149

6.5 Statistical Search Method 150

6.5.1 Example of Best Overall Search with Statistics 151

6.5.2 Example of Lead Search with Statistics 153

6.6 Fast Fourier Transform Search Method 156

6.7 Summary 162

6.8 References 163

Chapter 7: Improving the Match 165

7.1 Battery Storage 165

7.1.1 Battery Performance 167

7.1.2 Modes of Battery Operation 171

7.1.3 Other Factors Affecting Performance 180

7.1.4 Sample Results 183

7.2 Back-up Generation 188

7.3 Tariff Structures 194

7.4 Potential Match Assessment 197

7.5 Summary 201

7.6 References 202

Chapter 8: MERIT – Towards a Software Solution 204

8.1 Software Architecture 207

8.2 MERIT from a Users Perspective 208

8.3 Applicability 226

8.4 Software Design 226

8.4.1 Classes 226

8.4.2 Memory 227

8.4.3 Analysis Conditions 229

8.4.4 Profile Selection 229

8.4.5 Search Procedure 229

8.5 Validation 232

8.5.1 PV Model 232

8.5.2 Unregulated Wind Turbine Model 238

8.5.3 Regulated Wind Turbine Model 239

8.5.4 Ducted Wind Turbine Model 240

8.5.5 Flat-plate collector model 241

8.5.6 Other Models 244

8.5.7 Search Engine 244

8.6 Summary 244

8.7 References 245

Chapter 9: The Application of MERIT 246

9.1 The Lighthouse Building 246

9.1.1 Demand scenarios 247

9.1.2 Supply Options 249

9.1.3 Detailed Design Stage 267

9.1.4 Conclusions 268

9.2 Energy Investigation on Community Scale: Dalmarnock Urban Business Park 269

9.2.1 Demand Scenario 269

9.2.2 Supply Scenario 278

9.2.3 Conclusions 286

9.3 Summary 286

9.4 References 287

Chapter 10: Conclusions and Recommendations 289

10.1 Review 289

10.2 Suggestions for Future work 296

10.2.1 Aggregated Demand Profiling 296

10.2.2 Supply Profile Simulation 398

10.2.3 Auxiliary Performance Simulation 301

10.2.4 Further Analysis Functionality 303

10.3 Perspective 305

10.4 References 307

Appendix A: Domestic Energy Categorisation 309

Appendix B1: Solar Geometry 312

Appendix B2: Optical Laws 316

Appendix B3: Surface and Environment Energy Exchanges 318

Appendix B4: Equations used To Determine Convection Coefficients in a PV-Hybrid Air Gap 321

Appendix C: Correction of Wind Speed for Specified Turbine Height & Surroundings 325

Appendix D1: Calculations used to Determine Heat Loss Mechanisms in Flat plates 328

Appendix D2: Flat plates Performance with Fluid Circulation 333