Deep water offshore wind technologies

2,39

MB

131

stron

5261

ID

University of Strathclyde

2004

rok

Table of contents

1. Introduction 15

2. Historical review 17

2.1. Advantages of offshore wind parks26

2.2. Disadvantages of offshore wind parks28

3. Design of offshore wind parks31

3.1. Design of wind turbines 31

3.2. Wind turbine pylon design 33

3.3. Foundation design. 35

3.3.1. Gravity based. 35

3.3.2. Monopile 38

3.3.3. Tripod support structure. 38

3.3.4. Floating support structure40

3.4. Evaluation of offshore wind47

4. Connecting with the electrical grid50

4.1. Connecting an offshore wind park with the grid50

4.2. Grid stability. 53

4.3. Power production forecast . 54

5. Environmental impacts. 56

5.1. Manufacturing impacts. 56

5.2. Transportation impacts. 57

5.3. Installation of the wind turbines . 57

5.4. Cable installation58

5.5. Operation and maintenance of the wind turbines. 58

5.6. Physical presence of a Wind turbine 59

5.7. Electromagnetic interference 60

5.8. Interference with ships60

5.9. Sea bed morphology. 60

5.10 Impacts on birds . 60

5.11 Impacts on sea mammals. 61

5.12Biological impacts on fishes. 61

5.13Impacts on humans . 62

5.14Environmental impacts due to accident 62

5.15Decommissioning63

6. Worldwide offshore wind status and development . 65

6.1 Development at E.U countries . 65

6.1.1 Sweden 65

6.1.2 Denmark66

6.1.3 Holland 66

6.1.4 France67

6.1.5 Germany67

6.1.6 United Kingdom68

6.1.7 Ireland. 69

6.1.8 Belgium . 69

6.1.9 Finland 70

6.1.10 Poland . 71

6.1.11 Spain. 71

6.1.12 Rest of E.U countries 71

6.2 Development of offshore wind energy outside Europe72

7. Economical and technical data. 73

7.1 Cost data for offshore wind parks73

7.2 Comparison between onshore and offshore wind parks 77

7.3 Ways of reducing the cost79

8. Horns Rev offshore wind park. 80

8.1 General information on Horns Rev offshore wind park 80

8.2 Types of wind turbines . 80

8.3 Type of pylon81

8.4 Type of foundation. 81

8.5 Electrical network connection . 82

8.6 Environmental impacts84

8.7 Cost figures 84

9. Feasibility study . 85

9.1 Fossil fuel depletion problem. 85

9.2 Alternative energy resources. 86

9.3 Energy facts about Greece. 86

9.4 Case study specifications . 89

9.4.1 Site location 89

9.4.2 Specific site location . 90

9.4.3 Wind turbine . 92

9.4.3.1 Choice of wind turbine. 92

9.4.3.2 Wind turbine grid. 93

9.4.3.3 Wind turbine direction. 94

9.5 Wind turbine foundations . 94

9.6 Environmental impacts . 95

9.6.1 Manufacturing impacts . 95

9.6.2 Wind turbine installation impacts . 96

9.6.3 Wind turbine decommissioning impacts. 96

9.6.4 Ship collision risks96

9.7 Further specifications and assumptions made for the operation of the offshore wind park 97

9.8 Cost components. 98

9.8.1 Further economic details considering the case study of an 500 MW offshore wind park. 99

9.8.2 Specific costs 101

9.9RETscreen software102

9.10 RETscreen results103

9.11 Assumptions made and reference values used for the completion of the 495 MW wind farm

project . 112

9.11.1 Foundation costs. 112

9.11.2 Wind turbines cost113

9.11.3 Grid connection costs113

9.11.4 Cost of feasibility study114

9.11.5 Management costs . 114

9.11.6 Other cost factors 114

9.12 Conclusions from the results of the case study115