ON THE CONFLATION OF CONTAMINANT BEHAVIOUR PREDICTION

2,41

MB

WITHIN WHOLE BUILDING PERFORMANCE SIMULATION

175

stron

5262

ID

University of Strathclyde

2006

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Copyright Declaration i

Acknowledgements ii

Dedication iii

Abstract iv

Table of Contents v

Chapter 1 Indoor Air Pollution

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Elements of Indoor Contaminant Behaviour 3

1.1.1 Transport 5

1.1.2 Filtration 5

1.1.3 Adsorption/Desorption5

1.1.4 Diffusion 6

1.1.5 Identity Change 6

1.1.6 Emission 6

1.1.7 Resuspension 7

1.1.8 Deposition 7

1.1.9 Radioactive Decay 7

1.1.10 Coagulation 8

1.1.11 Phase Change 8

1.2 Important Air Pollutants 8

1.3 List of common Contaminants 9

1.3.1 Carbon Dioxide 10

1.3.2 Nitrous Oxide 10

1.3.3 Carbon monoxide 10

1.3.4 Nitrogen dioxide 11

1.3.5 Sulphur dioxide 11

1.3.6 Ozone 11

1.3.7 Radon 11

1.3.8 Methane 12

1.3.9 Benzene 12

1.3.10 1,3butadiene

1.3.11 Formaldehyde 12

1.3.12 Lead12

1.3.13 Particulate Matter 12

1.4 Importance of studying Indoor Air Pollutants 13

1.4.1 Health Problems 14

1.4.2 Productivity Problems 15

1.4.3 Comfort and Odour Problems 17

1.4.4 World Health Organisation Recommendation17

1.5 Summary 18

1.6 References 19

Chapter 2 Building Simulation

2.1 Recent Historical Review 25

2.1.1Early Building Performance Prediction Tools 25

2.1.2 Building Simulation 25

2.1.3 The Heat Balance Approach 26

2.1.4 Plant and Airflow Modelling 27

2.1.5 Further Advances in Building Modelling 27

2.1.6 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 28

2.2 User Perspective 29

2.3 Integrated Contaminant Simulation 29

2.3.1 Domain Integration 30

2.3.2 Domain Integration for Contaminant Modelling 31

2.3.3 Domain Integration within ESPr 33

2.4Integration within Thermally Conflated Mass Flow and CFD domains 35

2.5 Research Objectives 42

2.6 References 43

Chapter 3 Modelling and Implementation

3.1 Mathematical Analysis 48

3.1.1 Matrix Implementation 50

3.1.2 Weighting of present and future time row values 50

3.1.3 Airflow mass matrix K 50

3.1.4 Calculation of Contaminant Concentration 53

3.1.5 Solution Procedure 54

3.2 Assumptions built into the Mathematical Model 54

3.3 Capabilities of the Contaminant Model 55

3.3.1 Source and Sink Algorithms 56

3.3.1.1 Constant Coefficient Source 57

3.3.1.2 Cutoff Concentration Source 57

3.3.1.3 Exponential Decay and Generation 57

3.3.1.4 Boundary Layer Diffusion Model 57

3.3.1.5 Time Dependant Constant Mass 58

3.3.1.6 Personal Carbon dioxide Emission 58

3.3.2 Source and Sink Linkages with Contaminants and Nodes 59

3.3.3 Filter Efficiencies 59

3.3.4 First Order Chemical Reactions 59

3.3.5 Temporally varying Ambient Concentrations 60

3.4 Information Handling 60

3.4.1 Contaminants Definition File (*.ctm) 60

3.4.2 Information I/O 61

3.5 Choosing a Suitable Time Step 61

3.6 Contaminant Based Control 63

3.7 Summary 64

3.8 References 64

Chapter 4 Validation

4.1 Validation Standard 70

4.2 Summary of Validation Models 71

4.3 Analytical Validation 72

4.3.1 Test 1 72

4.3.2 Test 2 74

4.3.3 Test 3 76

4.4 Inter program comparisons 77

4.4.1 Test 4 77

4.5 Empirical Validation 81

4.5.1 Model Detail 81

4.5.2 Simulation 82

4.5.3 Results 82

4.6 References 85

Chapter 5 Integrating Network Flow Modelling and CFD

5.0 Introduction 87

5.1 Conflation of mfs and dfs 88

5.2 Known Pressure Node Type Conflation (Type A) 90

5.3 Pressure Difference Feedback Type Conflation (Type D) 93

5.4 Unknown Pressure Node Type Conflation (Type B) 97

5.5 Pressure Feedback Type Conflation (Type C) 99

5.6 Contaminant Prediction Integration 102

5.7 Validation 103

5.8 Summary 109

5.9 References 110

Chapter 6 Case Studies

6.0 Introduction 111

6.1 Public House in England (IAQ vs Energy) 111

6.1.1 Model Description and Operating Conditions 111

6.1.2 Ventilation Flow Variations investigated 115

6.1.3 Results Analysis 115

6.2 Manager's Office (CO2 Based Control) 118

6.2.1 Introduction 118

6.2.2 Model Detail 118

6.2.3 Simulation and Results 120

6.3 Balance of Energy Requirement and Good IAQ by using CO2 Control 123

6.4 Canadian Conference Building with Atrium 124

6.4.1 Model Detail 124

6.4.2 Findings from Detailed Fluid Flow (CFD) Analysis126

6.5 Summary 129

6.6 References 129

Chapter 7 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work

7.1 Conclusions 131

7.2 Recommendations for Future Work 134

7.2.1 Theoretical Improvements for Particulate Modelling 134

7.2.2 Transport Delays 134

7.2.3 Contaminant and Related Information Procurement134

7.2.4 Filter Efficiencies 135

7.2.5 Temporal Definition of Ambient Concentration 135

7.2.6 Occupant Exposure 135

7.2.7 Solution Optimisation 135

7.2.8 CFD Solution Process 136

7.3 References 136

Appendices and Glossary

AS1 Analytical Solution to Project Model Test1 137

AS2 Analytical Solution to Project Model Test2 139

AS3 Error Estimate for Project Model Test3 141

ATR CFD results from Canadian Conference Building 143

CAS Comparison of COMIS and ESPr with empirical 147

CCS Comparison of Conflated and Standalone CFD 150

CTM Sample ESPr Contaminants Network File 154