Decision Support for New and Renewable Energy Systems

3,95

MB

Deployment

301

stron

5264

ID

University of Strathclyde

2002

rok

CONTENTS

1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVING 12

1.1 Energy Use in the United Kingdom 13

1.2 Reduction of Fossil Fuel Use 15

1.3 Electricity Generation From Renewable Energy Sources 17

1.3.1 Traditional Thermal Plants 17

1.3.2 Renewable Energy Generators 18

1.3.3 Increased Grid Penetration of Renewable Energy Generators 20

1.4 High Renewable Energy Penetration in Small Areas 22

1.5 Decision Support Framework 24

1.6 Outline of Thesis 25

1.7 References 27

2 OPTIONS FOR NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS 29

2.1 Meeting the Transport Demand 32

2.2 Combined Heat and Power Production Technologies 34

2.2.1 Internal Combustion and Diesel Engines 35

2.2.2 Stirling Engines 35

2.2.3 Gas Turbines 36

2.2.4 Steam Turbines 37

2.2.5 Fuel Cells 37

2.3 The Production and Storage of Heat 39

2.3.1 Instantaneous Space and Water Heaters 39

2.3.2 Space Heating Storage Heaters 40

2.3.3 Hot Water Storage 40

2.4 Uses for Excess Electricity 41

2.4.1 Electrolysis 42

2.4.2 Electricity Storage Devices 42

2.5 The Production of Biomass and Waste Derived Fuels 44

2.5.1 Gasification and Pyrolysis 46

2.5.2 Anaerobic Digestion 49

2.5.3 Transesterification 52

2.5.4 Fermentation 54

2.5.5 Steam Reforming of Methane to Hydrogen 56

2.5.6 Catalytic Synthesis of Methanol 56

2.5.7 Landfill Gas Processing 57

2.5.8 Waste and Biomass Processing Technologies 57

2.5.9 Electrolysis 58

2.6 Summary 58

2.7 References 59

3 APPROACHES TO RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM DESIGN 65

3.1 Geographical Information Systems 65

3.2 Matching Demand and Supply 66

3.2.1 Area Specific Analysis 67

3.2.2 Generic Programs 68

3.2.3 Optimisation Tools 70

3.3 The Use of Biomass and Waste 71

3.4 Conclusions 74

3.5 References 77

4 A PROCEDURE FOR DEMAND AND SUPPLY MATCHING 79

4.1 Demand Definition 81

4.2 Supply Definition 85

4.2.1 Derived Fuel Production Specification 86

4.2.2 Intermittent Energy Supplies 90

4.2.3 Supplies Which Follow Demand and/or Require Fuel 91

4.3 The Matching Process 93

4.3.1 Derived Fuel Availability 94

4.3.2 Multiple Load Following Supplies 95

4.3.3 Four Different Energy Demand Types 100

4.3.4 Transport Demands 100

4.3.5 The Overall Matching Procedure 101

4.3.6 Outputs of the Matching Process 104

4.4 References 105

5 LOAD FOLLOWING SUPPLY ALGORITHMS 106

5.1 Vehicle Performance Algorithm 106

5.1.1 Fuel consumption 107

5.1.2 Storage and Refuelling Options 110

5.1.3 Vehicle Use Algorithm 111

5.1.4 Electric Vehicle Charge Algorithm 115

5.1.5 Other Vehicle Types 123

5.2 Internal Combustion and Diesel Engine Modelling 123

5.2.1 Required Power 125

5.2.2 Engine Derating 125

5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Context of Varying Load 127

5.2.4 Determination of Required Percentage Load 128

5.2.5 Multiple Engine Generator Sets 130

5.2.6 Heat to Electricity Ratio 134

5.2.7 Actual Fuel Consumption 140

5.2.8 Estimating Biodiesel Performance From Diesel Consumption 146

5.3 Stirling Engine Model 146

5.4 Gas Turbine Model 147

5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149

5.6 Fuel Cell Model 150

5.6.1 Operating Temperature 151

5.6.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency 151

5.6.3 Multiple Fuel Cell Generation Sets 152

5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less Than Required 157

5.7 Electrolyser Model 159

5.7.1 Electrolyser Performance Algorithm 159

5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model 163

5.9 Instantaneous Space and Water Heating System Model 164

5.10 Space Heating Storage Heater Model 165

5.11 Hot Water Storage System Model 167

5.12 References 175

6 DERIVED FUEL PRODUCTION ALGORITHMS 178

6.1 Gasification and Pyrolysis 178

6.1.1 Feedstock Availability 179

6.1.2 Process Characteristics 182

6.1.3 Use of Biogas 185

6.1.4 General Comments 189

6.2 Anaerobic Digestion 190

6.2.1 Process Characteristics 190

6.2.2 Energy Requirements 192

6.2.3 Use of Biogas 193

6.3 Transesterification 200

6.3.1 Feedstock Availability 200

6.3.2 Continuous Process Characteristics 202

6.3.3 Batch Process Characteristics 202

6.3.4 Use of Crop Residue 205

6.4 Fermentation 207

6.4.1 Feedstock Availability 207

6.4.2 Continuous Process Characteristics 208

6.4.3 Batch Process Characteristics 209

6.4.4 Use of Residues 211

6.5 Electrolysis 215

6.6 Waste and Biomass Processing Technologies 215

6.7 Landfill Gas Processing 217

6.8 References 217

7 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 218

7.1 User View of MERIT 218

7.1.1 Climate and Time Scale 218

7.1.2 Specify Demand 220

7.1.3 Specify Supply 222

7.1.4 Match and Dispatch 224

7.1.5 General Information 225

7.2 Verification 225

7.2.1 Fuel Supply Specification 226

7.2.2 Auxiliary Supply Specification 238

7.3 References 249

8 APPLICABILITY 250

8.1 Demand Profile Definition 250

8.2 Supply Options 253

8.3 Analysis Results 256

8.3.1 Intermittent Electricity Supply 256

8.3.2 Intermittent Electricity Supply with Hydrogen Storage 257

8.3.3 Biogas Production and Use 260

8.3.4 Biodiesel Production and Use 260

8.3.5 Ethanol Production and Use 262

8.4 Case study Conclusions 263

8.5 References 264

9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 265

9.1 Conclusions 265

9.2 Further Work 267

9.2.1 Desalination Plant and Clean Water Demand 268

9.2.2 Further Demand Development 268

9.2.3 Further Supply Development 269

9.2.4 Larger Geographical Areas 270