| | Towards the Holistic Assessment of Building Performance |
| | 3,97 | | MB | Based on an Integrated Simulation Approach |
| | 251 | | stron |
| | 5265 | | ID | SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY |
| | 2002 | | rok |
| | CONTENTS |
| | Abstract xiii |
| | Résumé xvii |
| | Chapter 1 Holistic building performance from ancient times to the present 1 |
| | 1.1 Holistic architecture in ancient time 1 |
| | 1.2 Moucharabieh 4 |
| | 1.3 Modern times 5 |
| | 1.4 Consequence of a non-holistic approach 9 |
| | Chapter 2 Integrated simulation 13 |
| | 2.1 Assessment of building performance 13 |
| | 2.2 Evolution of multiple-view computer simulation 15 |
| | 2.3 Existing approaches for multiple-view simulation 16 |
| | 2.3.1 Stand-alone 16 |
| | 2.3.2 Interoperable 17 |
| | 2.3.3 Run-time coupling 20 |
| | 2.3.4 Integrated 21 |
| | 2.4 Available coupled or integrated simulation programs 22 |
| | Chapter 3 A data model for multiple-view assessment25 |
| | 3.1 Product data model 25 |
| | 3.2 Product data modelling in the building industry 26 |
| | 3.3 Hindrances of available data model 28 |
| | 3.3.1 Lack of unified description 28 |
| | 3.3.2 Model integrity 29 |
| | 3.3.3 Life cycle representation 29 |
| | 3.4 General requirements for an integrated product data model 30 |
| | 3.4.1 Problem-driven approach 30 |
| | 3.4.2 Universe of discourse 31 |
| | 3.5 Decoupling the geometrical and the construction attributes 31 |
| | 3.6 Construction data model structure 33 |
| | 3.7 Requirements for a life-cycle based structure 36 |
| | 3.8 Life cycle phases decomposition 37 |
| | 3.9 Views decomposition 38 |
| | Chapter 4 Implementation in an existing building simulation program 43 |
| | 4.1 Selection procedure 43 |
| | 4.2 ESP-r functionality 44 |
| | 4.3 ESP-r structure 45 |
| | 4.4 ESP-r geometry data model 46 |
| | 4.5 Physical attributes 47 |
| | 4.6 Source and unit attributes48 |
| | 4.7 Data uncertainty 49 |
| | 4.8 Construction 50 |
| | 4.9 Material 51 |
| | 4.10 Hygro-thermal 52 |
| | 4.11 Optics 53 |
| | 4.12 Room acoustics 54 |
| | 4.13 Photo-colourimetry55 |
| | 4.14 Environmental impacts56 |
| | 4.15 Transport 57 |
| | 4.16 Environmental information at construction-level58 |
| | 4.17 Environmental information at material level 59 |
| | 4.17.1 Construction assembly 60 |
| | 4.17.2 Placement of a prefabricated construction on building61 |
| | 4.17.3 Maintenance 62 |
| | 4.17.4 Disposal management63 |
| | 4.18 Assessment methods 64 |
| | 4.19 Implementation in ESP-r 65 |
| | 4.20 Database schema 66 |
| | 4.21 Relational schema 67 |
| | 4.22 Building construction file71 |
| | Chapter 5 Life cycle impact assessment of a building 73 |
| | 5.1 Introduction 73 |
| | 5.2 Environmental impacts of buildings74 |
| | 5.3 Impact assessment methodologies 75 |
| | 5.4 Life cycle assessment75 |
| | 5.5 System boundaries 76 |
| | 5.6 Environmental impact indicators 78 |
| | 5.7 Environmental data origin 81 |
| | 5.8 Environmental impacts assessment of the building 82 |
| | 5.9 Extrinsic environmental impacts 83 |
| | 5.10 Intrinsic impacts84 |
| | 5.10.1 Areal and linear mass 85 |
| | 5.11 Composite material 86 |
| | 5.12 Mass for an elementary life cycle phase87 |
| | 5.13 Manufacturing 90 |
| | 5.14 Transport from manufacturing to construction site 90 |
| | 5.15 Construction assembly 91 |
| | 5.16 Transport from construction site to building site 92 |
| | 5.17 assembly of pre-fabricated element on the building92 |
| | 5.18 Construction maintenance 93 |
| | 5.19 Replacement 94 |
| | 5.20 Building decommissioning 96 |
| | 5.21 Transport to the waste management site 96 |
| | 5.22 waste management 97 |
| | 5.23 LCIA interface 98 |
| | 5.24 Functional unit 101 |
| | Chapter 6 Room acoustics103 |
| | 6.1 Reverberation within an enclosure 104 |
| | 6.2 Reverberation time 105 |
| | 6.3 Absorption of boundaries 106 |
| | 6.3.1 Sabine equation 106 |
| | 6.3.2 Millington equation 107 |
| | 6.3.3 Eyring equation 108 |
| | 6.4 Absorption coefficients 109 |
| | 6.5 Equivalent area of objects and occupants 110 |
| | 6.6 Air absorption 111 |
| | 6.7 Sound speed 113 |
| | 6.8 Acoustic zone vs thermal zone 114 |
| | 6.9 Room acoustics interface 115 |
| | Chapter 7 Integrated case study 119 |
| | 7.1 The Energie Ouest Suisse building 119 |
| | 7.2 Room description 122 |
| | 7.2.1 Windows 122 |
| | 7.2.2 Artificial lighting 123 |
| | 7.2.3 Ventilation/infiltration 123 |
| | 7.3 Computer model 123 |
| | 7.3.1 Office rooms occupancy 125 |
| | 7.3.2 Constructions typologies 125 |
| | 7.3.3 Heating 127 |
| | 7.3.4 Ventilation/Infiltration 127 |
| | 7.3.5 Artificial lighting 127 |
| | 7.3.6 Climate 127 |
| | 7.4 Assessment of the building performance 128 |
| | 7.5 Energy performance indicators 130 |
| | 7.6 Maximum power capacity 131 |
| | 7.7 Primary energy consumption during typical days 131 |
| | 7.8 Thermal comfort 132 |
| | 7.9 Daylighting 134 |
| | 7.10 Visual comfort 134 |
| | 7.11 Room acoustics 136 |
| | 7.12 Life cycle impact assessment 138 |
| | Chapter 8 Conclusion 141 |
| | 8.1 Future application142 |
| | 8.2 Possible enhancements142 |
| | References 145 |
| | Abbreviations 163 |
| | Appendix A Examples of holism 165 |
| | Appendix B Flowcharts symbolism 170 |
| | Appendix C Data exchange formats 171 |
| | Appendix D Building simulation programs 173 |
| | Appendix E Life cycle decomposition 175 |
| | Appendix F ESP-r short user guide 179 |
| | Appendix G NIAM modelling language 181 |
| | Appendix H Relational terminology 187 |
| | Appendix I Building construction file 189 |
| | Appendix J CML impact assessment method 191 |
| | Appendix K Composite material 194 |
| | Appendix L Multiplication factor for transport impact 197 |
| | Appendix M Replacement strategy 200 |
| | Appendix N Air absorption 202 |
| | Appendix O Furniture and occupant data for room acoustics 208 |
| | Appendix P Estimation of missing absorption coefficients 212 |
| | Appendix Q Physical attributes 214 |