SocioEconomic Impacts of Biomass Deployment for the

0,42

MB

Production of Heat and Electricity

89

stron

5273

ID

University of Strathclyde

2003

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 The picture today 7

1.2 Objectives of the thesis 8

CHAPTER 2 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Types of Renewable Energy Sources 10

2.2.1 Solar Energy 10

2.2.2 Wind Energy 11

2.2.3 Biomass 11

2.2.4 Hydroelectric Energy 12

2.2.5 Ocean Thermal Energy 12

2.2.6 Wave Energy 12

2.2.7 Tidal Energy 12

2.2.8 Geothermal Energy 13

2.3 Why support Renewables? 14

2.4 What are the drivers that influence the development of renewables? 15

CHAPTER 3 BIOMASS 17

3.1 Introduction 17

3.2 Environmental Impacts 22

3.3 Conversion Technologies 23

3.3.1 Combustion 23

3.3.2 Pyrolysis 24

3.3.3 Gasification 25

3.3.4 Anaerobic Digestion 26

3.4 Conclusions 27

CHAPTER 4 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF BIOENERGY 28

4.1 Introduction 28

4.2 Externalities 30

4.3 Types of externalities 32

4.3.1 Macroeconomic effects 32

4.3.2 Employment 32

4.3.3 CO2 Fixation 33

4.3.4 Erosion 33

4.3.5 Health Effects 34

4.4 Conclusions 34

CHAPTER 5 EMPLOYMENT AND BIOENERGY 35

5.1 Introduction 35

5.2 What kind of jobs does biomass create? 37

5.3 Multipliers 39

5.4 Conclusions 42

CHAPTER 6 THE ENERGY MODEL 43

6.1 Introduction 43

6.2 The Model 45

6.2.1 Aims and Objectives of the Model 45

6.2.2 Structure of the Model 46

6.2.3 Limitations 50

6.2.4 Analysis of the Model 50

6.2.5 Operation of the Technique 63

6.2.6 Sensitivity Analysis 67

6.2.7 Results 71

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 72

7.1 Discussion 72

7.2 Limitations 72

7.3 Further Work 74

7.4 Conclusions 75

REFERENCES 77

APPENDIX 81