Investigation of the expansion of the natural gas network and

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uses in Greece, as well as the impendent need for carbon

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capture and sequestration

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University of Strathclyde

2005

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Table of Contents

Title 1

Declaration of author’s rights 2

Acknowledgements 3

Abstract 4

List of figures 5

List of tables 7

Table of contents 8

Chapter 1 11

1. Introduction 12

1.1 Origin theories 12

1.2 History of natural gas 14

1.3 Composition 16

1.4 Natural gas units 18

2. Natural gas processes 19

2.1 Exploration 20

2.2 Extraction 24

2.3 Processing 30

2.4 Transport 34

2.5 Storage 42

3. Uses 47

3.1 Residential 49

3.2 Commercial 51

3.3 Industrial 52

3.3 Electricity generation 54

3.4 Transportation 56

Chapter 2 61

1. Introduction 62

2. The Greek natural gas company 65

3. Greek natural gas situation internationally 67

3.1 Imports 70

3.2 Transmission – Distribution 72

4. Greece as a gate for natural gas to Europe 74

5. Uses 77

5.1 Residential and commercial 78

5.2 Industrial 80

5.3 Transportation 82

5.4 Electricity generation 83

6. Recommendations 85

Chapter 3 87

1. Introduction 88

1.1 Fossil fuels vs. renewables 89

1.2 CO2 emissions from power plants 90

1.3 Carbon capture and sequestration potential 91

2. Capture processes 93

2.1 Pre-combustion capture 94

2.2 Oxy-fuel combustion 96

2.3 Post-combustion capture 97

3. Sequestration 100

3.1 Sequestration issues 100

3.2 Sequestration methods 101

3.2.1 Oil and gas reservoirs 102

3.2.2 Deep saline aquifers 105

3.2.3 The ocean 108

3.2.4 Coal beds 111

3.3 Comparison of methods 114

3.4 Proposed method for Greece 116

4. Overall economic issues 117

5. Conclusions 119

Bibliography 121