| | FIRST AID |
| | 2,62 | | MB |
| | 227 | | stron |
| | 5312 | | ID | Department of Defense |
| | 2002 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | PREFACE v |
| | CHAPTER 1. FUNDAMENTAL CRITERIA FOR FIRST AID |
| | 1-1. General 1-1 |
| | 1-2. Terminology 1-2 |
| | 1-3. Understanding Vital Body Functions for First Aid. 1-3 |
| | 1-4. Adverse Conditions 1-7 |
| | 1-5. Basics of First Aid . 1-7 |
| | 1-6. Evaluating a Casualty . 1-8 |
| | CHAPTER 2. BASIC MEASURES FOR FIRST AID |
| | 2-1. General 2-1 |
| | Section I. Open the Airway and Restore Breathing. 2-1 |
| | 2-2. Breathing Process 2-1 |
| | 2-3. Assessment of and Positioning the Casualty 2-1 |
| | 2-4. Opening the Airway of an Unconscious or not Breathing Casualty . 2-3 |
| | 2-5. Rescue Breathing (Artificial Respiration) 2-6 |
| | 2-6. Preliminary Steps—All Rescue Breathing Methods 2-6 |
| | 2-7. Mouth-to-Mouth Method . 2-7 |
| | 2-8. Mouth-to-Nose Method . 2-9 |
| | 2-9. Heartbeat 2-9 |
| | 2-10. Airway Obstructions. 2-10 |
| | 2-11. Opening the Obstructed Airway—Conscious Casualty 2-11 |
| | 2-12. Opening the Obstructed Airway—Casualty Lying Down or Unconscious. 2-14 |
| | Section II. Stop the Bleeding and Protect the Wound . 2-18 |
| | 2-13. General . 2-18 |
| | 2-14. Clothing 2-19 |
| | 2-15. Entrance and Exit Wounds . 2-19 |
| | 2-16. Field Dressing . 2-20 |
| | 2-17. Manual Pressure 2-21 |
| | 2-18. Pressure Dressing 2-22 |
| | 2-19. Digital Pressure . 2-24 |
| | 2-20. Tourniquet . 2-25 |
| | Section III. Check for Shock and Administer First Aid Measures 2-29 |
| | 2-21. General . 2-29 |
| | 2-22. Causes and Effects . 2-29 |
| | 2-23. Signs and Symptoms of Shock . 2-30 |
| | 2-24. First Aid Measures for Shock 2-31 |
| | CHAPTER 3. FIRST AID FOR SPECIFIC INJURIES |
| | 3-1. General . 3-1 |
| | 3-2. Head, Neck, and Facial Injuries . 3-1 |
| | 3-3. General First Aid Measures 3-2 |
| | 3-4. Chest Wounds . 3-4 |
| | 3-5. First Aid for Chest Wounds 3-5 |
| | 3-6. Abdominal Wounds 3-9 |
| | 3-7. First Aid for Abdominal Wounds . 3-9 |
| | 3-8. Burn Injuries 3-12 |
| | 3-9. First Aid for Burns . 3-13 |
| | 3-10. Dressings and Bandages . 3-16 |
| | 3-11. Shoulder Bandage 3-29 |
| | 3-12. Elbow Bandage . 3-30 |
| | 3-13. Hand Bandage . 3-30 |
| | 3-14. Leg (Upper and Lower) Bandage 3-33 |
| | 3-15. Knee Bandage . 3-34 |
| | 3-16. Foot Bandage 3-34 |
| | CHAPTER 4. FIRST AID FOR FRACTURES |
| | 4-1. General . 4-1 |
| | 4-2. Kinds of Fractures 4-1 |
| | 4-3. Signs and Symptoms of Fractures . 4-2 |
| | 4-4. Purposes of Immobilizing Fractures 4-2 |
| | 4-5. Splints, Padding, Bandages, Slings, and Swathes 4-2 |
| | 4-6. Procedures for Splinting Suspected Fractures . 4-3 |
| | 4-7. Upper Extremity Fractures . 4-9 |
| | 4-8. Lower Extremity Fractures . 4-12 |
| | 4-9. Jaw, Collarbone, and Shoulder Fractures 4-15 |
| | 4-10. Spinal Column Fractures 4-16 |
| | 4-11. Neck Fractures 4-18 |
| | CHAPTER 5. FIRST AID FOR CLIMATIC INJURIES |
| | 5-1. General . 5-1 |
| | 5-2. Heat Injuries . 5-2 |
| | 5-3. Cold Injuries 5-7 |
| | CHAPTER 6. FIRST AID FOR BITES AND STINGS |
| | 6-1. General . 6-1 |
| | 6-2. Types of Snakes 6-1 |
| | 6-3. Snakebites 6-5 |
| | 6-4. Human or Animal Bites . 6-7 |
| | 6-5. Marine (Sea) Animals . 6-8 |
| | 6-6. Insect (Arthropod) Bites and Stings . 6-9 |
| | 6-7. First Aid for Bites and Stings 6-12 |
| | CHAPTER 7. FIRST AID IN A NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT |
| | 7-1. General . 7-1 |
| | 7-2. First Aid Materials . 7-1 |
| | 7-3. Classification of Chemical and Biological Agents . 7-2 |
| | 7-4. Conditions for Masking Without Order or Alarm 7-3 |
| | 7-5. First Aid for a Chemical Attack . 7-4 |
| | 7-6. Background Information on Nerve Agents 7-5 |
| | 7-7. Signs and Symptoms of Nerve Agent Poisoning . 7-7 |
| | 7-8. First Aid for Nerve Agent Poisoning . 7-8 |
| | 7-9. Blister Agents . 7-19 |
| | 7-10. Choking Agents (Lung-Damaging Agents) 7-21 |
| | 7-11. Cyanogen (Blood) Agents . 7-22 |
| | 7-12. Incapacitating Agents 7-23 |
| | 7-13. Incendiaries 7-24 |
| | 7-14. Biological Agents and First Aid . 7-25 |
| | 7-15. Toxins 7-25 |
| | 7-16. Nuclear Detonation . 7-27 |
| | CHAPTER 8. FIRST AID FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS |
| | 8-1. General . 8-1 |
| | 8-2. Importance of Psychological First Aid . 8-1 |
| | 8-3. Situations Requiring Psychological First Aid . 8-1 |
| | 8-4. Interrelationship of Psychological and Physical First Aid . 8-2 |
| | 8-5. Goals of Psychological First Aid 8-2 |
| | 8-6. Respect for Others’ Feelings . 8-3 |
| | 8-7. Emotional and Physical Disability . 8-3 |
| | 8-8. Combat and Other Operational Stress Reactions . 8-4 |
| | 8-9. Reactions to Stress . 8-4 |
| | 8-10. Severe Stress or Stress Reaction . 8-6 |
| | 8-11. Application of Psychological First Aid . 8-6 |
| | 8-12. Reactions and Limitations . 8-8 |
| | 8-13. Stress Reactions . 8-9 |
| | APPENDIX A. FIRST AID CASE AND KITS, DRESSINGS, AND BANDAGES |
| | A-1. First Aid Case with Field Dressings and Bandages A-1 |
| | A-2. General Purpose First Aid Kits A-1 |
| | A-3. Dressings . A-2 |
| | A-4. Standard Bandages . A-2 |
| | A-5. Triangular and Cravat (Swathe) Bandages . A-2 |
| | APPENDIX B. RESCUE AND TRANSPORTATION PROCEDURES |
| | B-1. General . B-1 |
| | B-2. Principles of Rescue Operations . B-1 |
| | B-3. Considerations B-1 |
| | B-4. Plan of Action . B-2 |
| | B-5. Proper Handling of Casualties . B-3 |
| | B-6. Positioning the Casualty . B-4 |
| | B-7. Medical Evacuation and Transportation of Casualties . B-5 |
| | B-8. Manual Carries . B-6 |
| | B-9. Improvised Litters B-26 |
| | GLOSSARY Glossary-1 |
| | REFERENCES References-1 |
| | INDEX Index-1 |