European Union Risk Assessment Report:

9,59
MB BIS(PENTABROMOPHENYL) ETHER

294
stron

5374
ID Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment

2003
rok

CONTENTS

1 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION 7

1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE 7

1.2 PURITY/IMPURITIES, ADDITIVES 8

1.2.1 Purity 8

1.2.2 Additives. 8

1.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 8

1.3.1 Physical state (at ntp). 8

1.3.2 Melting point 8

1.3.3 Boiling point . 8

1.3.4 Relative density . 9

1.3.5 Vapour pressure 9

1.3.6 Solubility 9

1.3.6.1 Water solubility . 9

1.3.6.2 Solubility in other solvents 10

1.3.7 Partition coefficient . 10

1.3.8 Flash point 11

1.3.9 Autoignition 11

1.3.10 Explosivity 11

1.3.11 Oxidising properties 11

1.4 CLASSIFICATION. 11

1.4.1 Current classification . 11

1.4.2 Proposal of rapporteur . 11

2 GENERAL INFORMATION ON EXPOSURE. 12

2.1 PRODUCTION 12

2.1.1 Production processes . 12

2.2 USE 12

2.2.1 Quantities used 12

2.2.2 Uses 14

2.2.2.1 Polymers 14

2.2.2.2 Textiles 15

2.3 SUMMARY OF WORST-CASE USAGE FIGURES FOR USE IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT. 16

2.4 BREAKDOWN/TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS. 17

2.5 CONTROL MEASURES . 18

3 ENVIRONMENT. 20

3.1 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT . 20

3.1.1 General discussion . 20

3.1.1.1 Emissions from production 20

3.1.1.1.1 Generic site . 20

3.1.1.1.2 Site specific. 21

3.1.1.2 Emissions from use in polymer applications . 21

3.1.1.2.1 Release during handling of raw material 21

3.1.1.2.2 Release from compounding and conversion . 22

3.1.1.2.3 Releases at a polymer processing site. 23

3.1.1.2.4 Losses during service life of product 23

3.1.1.2.5 Losses from landfill and incineration . 26

3.1.1.2.6 Possibilities for recycling 28

3.1.1.3 Emissions from use in textiles . 28

3.1.1.3.1 Formulation and application to textiles. 28

3.1.1.3.2 Losses during service life of product 29

3.1.1.3.3 Losses from landfill and incineration . 31

3.1.1.4 Summary of environmental releases 32

3.1.1.5 Degradation . 33

3.1.1.5.1 Abiotic degradation 33

3.1.1.5.2 Biodegradation 49

3.1.1.5.3 Summary of degradation rates used for environmental modelling . 56

3.1.1.6 Distribution. 57

3.1.1.6.1 Volatilisation. 57

3.1.1.6.2 Adsorption 58

3.1.1.6.3 Accumulation 59

3.1.1.6.4 Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) data . 63

3.1.1.7 Natural sources 65

3.1.2 Aquatic compartment 66

3.1.2.1 Calculation of PECs. 66

3.1.2.1.1 Production. 66

3.1.2.1.2 Polymers . 67

3.1.2.1.3 Textiles . 68

3.1.2.1.4 Calculation of PECregional and PECcontinental 69

3.1.2.1.5 Summary of predicted levels for the aquatic compartment. 69

3.1.2.2 Measured levels in water and sediment . 70

3.1.2.2.1 Water 71

3.1.2.2.2 Sediment . 72

3.1.2.3 Comparison of measured and calculated levels . 78

3.1.3 Terrestrial compartment. 79

3.1.3.1 Predicted concentrations 79

3.1.3.2 Measured concentrations . 81

3.1.4 Levels in air 81

3.1.4.1 Predicted concentrations 81

3.1.4.2 Measured concentrations . 82

3.1.4.3 Comparison of measured and predicted levels 83

3.1.5 Non-compartment specific exposure relevant for the food chain (secondary poisoning) 83

3.1.5.1 Predicted concentrations 83

3.1.5.2 Measured concentrations . 84

3.1.5.3 Comparison of measured and predicted levels 89

3.1.6 Summary of PECs for risk assessment 90

3.2 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT: HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND DOSE (CONCENTRATION) -

RESPONSE (EFFECT) ASSESSMENT. 92

3.2.1 Aquatic compartment 92

3.2.1.1 Toxicity to algae 92

3.2.1.2 Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates 92

3.2.1.3 Toxicity to fish. 92

3.2.1.4 QSAR data. 93

3.2.1.5 Toxicity to sediment organisms. 93

3.2.1.6 Toxicity to microorganisms. 96

3.2.1.7 Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for the aquatic compartment. 97

3.2.1.8 Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for microorganisms 97

3.2.1.9 Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for sediment-dwelling organisms . 97

3.2.2 Terrestrial compartment. 98

3.2.2.1 Toxicity to plants . 98

3.2.2.2 Toxicity to earthworms 100

3.2.2.3 Derivation of PNECsoil . 102

3.2.3 Atmosphere. 102

3.2.4 Non-compartment specific effects relevant for the food chain (secondary poisoning) 103

3.3 RISK CHARACTERISATION . 104

3.3.1 Aquatic compartment (including sediment). 104

3.3.1.1 Water . 104

3.3.1.2 Sediment 105

3.3.1.3 Sewage treatment processes 106

3.3.1.4 Summary. 106

3.3.2 Terrestrial compartment. 106

3.3.3 Atmosphere. 107

3.3.4 Non-compartment specific effects relevant for the food chain (secondary poisoning) 107

4 HUMAN HEALTH 112

4.1 HUMAN HEALTH (TOXICITY) . 112

4.1.1 Exposure assessment . 112

4.1.1.1 General discussion. 112

4.1.1.2 Occupational exposure. 112

4.1.1.2.1 Manufacture 113

4.1.1.2.2 Plastic industry 114

4.1.1.2.3 Textile industry. 115

4.1.1.2.4 Formulation of adhesives 116

4.1.1.2.5 Equipment and upholstery manufacture . 116

4.1.1.2.6 Use of the final products. 116

4.1.1.3 Consumer exposure . 118

4.1.1.3.1 Introduction 118

4.1.1.3.2 Use of DBDPO in plastics 118

4.1.1.3.3 Use of DBDPO in upholstery . 118

4.1.1.3.4 Summary of consumer exposure. 118

4.1.1.4 Humans exposed via the environment . 118

4.1.1.5 Combined exposure . 121

4.1.2 Effect assessment : Hazard identification and dose (concentration)-response (effect)

assessment 122

4.1.2.1 Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution. 122

4.1.2.1.1 Studies in animals . 122

4.1.2.1.2 Studies in humans . 127

4.1.2.1.3 Summary of toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution. 130

4.1.2.2 Acute toxicity 131

4.1.2.2.1 Oral route (rat) 131

4.1.2.2.2 Dermal route (rabbit) 131

4.1.2.2.3 Inhalation route (rat) . 132

4.1.2.2.4 Summary of acute toxicity 132

4.1.2.3 Irritation 132

4.1.2.3.1 Animal data. 132

4.1.2.3.2 Human data. 133

4.1.2.3.3 Summary of irritation 133

4.1.2.4 “Chloroacnegenic” activity 133