| | Nord Stream, Sweden and Baltic Sea Security |
| | 0,92 | | MB |
| | 110 | | stron |
| | 5400 | | ID | Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) |
| | 2007 | | rok |
| | Table of Contents |
| | 1 INTRODUCTION. 12 |
| | Europe’s Diversification and International Competition 12 |
| | Nord Stream – A Change in the Regional Strategic Pattern . 16 |
| | Aim of the Study 17 |
| | Approach of the Study 17 |
| | Outline of the Study 19 |
| | 2 BASIC DATA OF THE NORD STREAM PROJECT. 21 |
| | Declaration of Intent 21 |
| | Ownership, Construction and Operation. 21 |
| | Planned Route 23 |
| | Technical Features, Process and Timeline 24 |
| | Key Points. 25 |
| | 3 THE NORD STREAM – CONSEQUENCES AND CONCERNS. 26 |
| | Rationale and Legitimacy of the Project . 26 |
| | Lack of Transparency and Murky Connections. 28 |
| | Financial Problems or Pure Profit 33 |
| | Military Presence in the Baltic Sea . 35 |
| | Intelligence and Surveillance Aspects . 37 |
| | The Risk of Terrorism. 37 |
| | Energy Political issues . 39 |
| | Environmental Concerns . 39 |
| | Russian State Control . 39 |
| | Increased Russian Leverage on the bypassed States . 40 |
| | Increased Russian Leverage on the Connected States. 41 |
| | Risks of Appeasement . 43 |
| | The Risk of Regional and Intra-EU Frictions 43 |
| | Becoming Dependent on Scare Resources. 45 |
| | International Law and Legal Aspects 45 |
| | Further Consequences and Issue of Concern 46 |
| | Saying No – Problems Solved? 47 |
| | Key Points. 48 |
| | 4 PERCEPTIONS AND OPINIONS. 50 |
| | Russia’s View . 50 |
| | Germany’s View . 51 |
| | Poland’s View. 52 |
| | Estonia’s, Latvia’s and Lithuania’s View 53 |
| | The View of Sweden and other States 55 |
| | Key points . 56 |
| | 5 ALTERNATIVE STRETCHES . 58 |
| | The Alternative Sea Options 60 |
| | Key Points. 61 |
| | 6 SWEDEN’S ENERGY SITUATION . 63 |
| | Sweden’s Energy Situation 63 |
| | Sweden’s Energy Sensitivity – Russia in Focus. 66 |
| | Sweden’s Energy Vulnerability. 67 |
| | Key Points. 70 |
| | 7 ENERGY FROM RUSSIA’S POINT OF VIEW 72 |
| | Russia’s Perceptions 72 |
| | Russia’s Capabilities 74 |
| | Old and New Powers 75 |
| | Russia’s Energy Supply Interruptions . 77 |
| | Russia’s Coercive Energy Policy in Aggregated Terms 80 |
| | Key Points. 81 |
| | 8 BARRIERS AND TRIGGERS . 83 |
| | Political Barriers against Supply Interruptions 86 |
| | Key Points. 87 |
| | APPENDIX: ACRONYMS . 88 |
| | BIBLIOGRAPHY 89 |
| | REPORTS ON THE BALTIC SEA REGION, RUSSIA OR ENERGY 103 |
| | ABOUT THE AUTHOR 107 |