| | Support to Threat Reduction of the Russian Biological Weapons |
| | 1,12 | | MB | Legacy - Conversion, Biodefence and the Role of Biopreparat |
| | 138 | | stron |
| | 5405 | | ID | Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | Executive Summary 9 |
| | 1 Introduction.13 |
| | 2 Russia’s strategy of constructive engagement with the West 17 |
| | 2.1 Russia’s non-constructive strategy in the sphere of CBW21 |
| | 2.2 Russian biodefence in a national security context 25 |
| | 3 Conversion of the military industrial complex (MIC)29 |
| | 3.1 Retained Russian CBW Technology Capacity 32 |
| | 4 Conversion of facilities and redirecting scientists from the former Soviet offensive biological |
| | warfare programme 35 |
| | 4.1 The offensive biological warfare programme of the Soviet Union .36 |
| | 4.2 Conversion of facilities and redirecting scientists39 |
| | 4.3 The European Union’s (EU) initiatives and support programmes.41 |
| | 4.4 The US State Department43 |
| | 4.5 The US Cooperative Threat Reduction Programme, CTR43 |
| | 4.6 The US Department of Health and Human Service (DHHS) Biotechnology Engagement |
| | Programme (BTEP) 44 |
| | 4.7 The US Department of Energy’s programme IPP, Initiative for Proliferation Prevention 45 |
| | 4.8 Other organizations 45 |
| | 4.9 The International Science and Technology Centre (ISTC) in Moscow and the Science and |
| | Technology Centre in Ukraine (STCU) .46 |
| | 4.10 The G8 Global Partnership against the spread of weapons and materials of mass destruction49 |
| | |
| | 4.11 A short description of recent developments on the destruction of chemical weapons54 |
| | 5 Progress of international support programmes 59 |
| | 5.1 Conversion of BW facilities.60 |
| | 5.2 Examples of conversion of specific biological facilities .63 |
| | 5.3 Analysis of conversion efforts .66 |
| | 5.4 Problem with exchange of modified antrax strain 71 |
| | 6 Biopreparat – lead organization in the Soviet BW Programme75 |
| | 7 Biopreparat today 81 |
| | 7.1 AOOT Biokhimmash83 |
| | 7.2 FGUP Moskhimfarmpreparaty imeni Semashko 88 |
| | 7.3 Searle Pharma - All-Russian Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy89 |
| | 8 The Leadership of Biopreparat in the 1990s .91 |
| | 8.1 General Yuri Tikhonovich Kalinin91 |
| | 8.2 Kalinin demoted or promoted? .95 |
| | 8.3 Rosmedprom – another platform of power for Yuri T. Kalinin? 96 |
| | 9 Concluding discussion and political recommendations99 |
| | Appendix 1: Planned activities of the Pathogen Defence Programme 1999-2005 111 |
| | Appendix 2: Facilities and productions of the Pathogen Defence Programme 1999-2005 115 |
| | Appendix 3: Brief chronology relating to the Soviet biological weapons’ programme 1918-2003 .119 |
| | Appendix 4: Tentative list of Biopreparat companies and institutes .127 |
| | Appendix 5: Brief biography of Yuri T. Kalinin133 |
| | Appendix 6: List of abbreviations .135 |