THE NUCLEAR FORCES AND DOCTRINE OF THE RUSSIAN

0,19

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FEDERATION

46

stron

5407

ID

National Institute for Public Policy

2006

rok

Table of Contents

Executive Summary 1

The Nuclear Weapons Debate in Russia 2

Nuclear Weapons and Russian Perceptions of Threats to Their Security . 5

Russian Nuclear Exercises . 8

Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. 10

The Russian Nuclear Weapons Program 12

Russian Development of Precision Low Yield Nuclear Weapons and Earth Penetrators 15

Russian Tactical Nuclear Weapons. 16

Russian Nuclear Weapons Testing . 18

Russian Nuclear Doctrine—Lowering the Nuclear Use Threshold 19

Why Has Russia Lowered the Nuclear Threshold?. 22

Conclusion 26

Notes 27