Heavily Modified Waters in Europe: A Case Study of the

0,52

MB

Stockholm Archipelago, Baltic Sea

43

stron

5531

ID

County Administrative Board of Stockholm, Environment and Planning

2002

rok

Department

Table of Contents

PART I 4

1 Preface [to be drafted by project managers] (1 page) 5

2 Summary Table (2 pages) 6

3 Introduction 7

3.1 Choice of Case Study 7

3.2 General remarks 8

4. A description of the case study area 9

4.1 Geology, topography and hydrology 9

4.1.1 The Baltic Sea in general 9

4.1.2. The Stockholm archipelago 11

4.1.3. The case study area 12

4.2 Socio-economic geography and human activities in the catchments area 13

4.3 Identification of water bodies 15

4.4 Discussion and conclusions 17

PART II 18

5. Physical alterations 19

5.1 Pressures and uses 19

5.1.1. The case study areas 19

5.2 Physical alterations 20

5.3 Changes in the hydromorphological characteristics of the water bodies and assessment of

resulting impacts 21

5.4 Discussion and conclusions 22

6. Ecological status 23

6.1 Biological quality elements 23

6.1.1 Inefficient knowledge of effects to biota 23

6.1.2 Monitoring programmes for shallow coastal waters are needed 23

6.1.3 Eutrophication 23

6.1.4 Heavy metals and other toxic compounds 24

6.1.5 Possible effects of physical modifications on biota 25

6.2 Physio-chemical elements 26

6.3 Definition of current ecological status 27

6.4 Discussion and conclusions 27

6.4.1 Difficult to distinguish effects from physical alterations 27

7. Identification and designation of water bodies as heavily modified 29

7.1 Necessary hydromorphological changes to achieve good ecological status 29

7.2 Assessment of other environmental options 29

7.3 Designation of heavily modified water bodies 30

7.3.1 Important factors and scale considerations 30

7.3.2 A possible method for mapping physical alterations made by humans 31

7.3.3 The study areas 31

7.4 Discussions and conclusions 33

8. Definition of Maximum Ecological Potential 34

8.1 Determining Maximum Ecological Potential 34

8.2. Measures for Achieving MEP 34

8.3 Comparison with Comparable Water Body 35

9 Definition of good ecological potential 36

10. Conclusions, options and recommendations 37

10.1 Conclusions 37

10.2 Options and recommendations 39

We My thank: 39

11. Bibliography 40

12. List of Annexes 43