| | Child Labour and Health Hazards: Chemical Exposure and |
| | 1,46 | | MB | Occupational Injuries in Nicaraguan Children Working in a Waste |
| | 157 | | stron | Disposal Site |
| | 5546 | | ID | Lund University |
| | 2007 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | Contents.5 |
| | Abbreviations7 |
| | List of papers 9 |
| | Introduction .10 |
| | Child labour in figures 10 |
| | Working at waste disposal sites10 |
| | Health hazards in child workers at waste disposal site11 |
| | Chemical exposures .11 |
| | Heavy metals12 |
| | Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) 13 |
| | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)16 |
| | Injuries at the work place.17 |
| | Aims of the thesis .18 |
| | Area description19 |
| | Managua waste disposal site 19 |
| | Material and methods.20 |
| | Study populations .20 |
| | Non-participants.21 |
| | Data collection21 |
| | Interviews 21 |
| | Background questionnaire (Paper I, II, III and IV) 21 |
| | Injury questionnaire (Paper IV)22 |
| | Blood Sampling .22 |
| | Soil sampling .22 |
| | Chemical analysis 23 |
| | Determination of metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Se and Fe) in blood .23 |
| | Determination of metals in soil23 |
| | Determination of persistent organochlorine pollutants and PBDEs in serum.23 |
| | Data analysis .26 |
| | Paper I .26 |
| | Paper II and III26 |
| | Paper IV 26 |
| | Injury risk estimation .26 |
| | Classification of work related injuries (WRIs) 27 |
| | Ethical approval 27 |
| | Results and comments 28 |
| | Paper I 28 |
| | Blood levels of lead, mercury, cadmium, and selenium28 |
| | Mercury and fish consumption from lake Xolotlán29 |
| | Investigating sources of lead contamination.29 |
| | Paper II .32 |
| | Exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) 32 |
| | Paper III34 |
| | Exposure to PBDEs .34 |
| | Paper IV36 |
| | Injury occurrence.36 |
| | Injury classes (typology).37 |
| | General discussion 38 |
| | Methodological issues .38 |
| | Selection 38 |
| | Selected subjects for POPs and PBDEs analysis39 |
| | Non-participants .39 |
| | Information .40 |
| | Chemical exposure – findings and implications.40 |
| | The waste disposal site: a source of lead contamination .40 |
| | Organochlorine pesticides: Is there still an ongoing exposure to DDT/DDE?41 |
| | Exposure to traditional POPs and emerging persistent organohalogen pollutants.42 |
| | The need for integrated risk assessment .43 |
| | Injuries – findings and implications 43 |
| | Concluding remarks and issues for further research and actions .45 |
| | Funding46 |
| | Acknowledgements.47 |
| | Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning51 |
| | Resumen en español .53 |
| | References.57 |