| | THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2001 |
| | 4,12 | | MB |
| | 80 | | stron |
| | 5548 | | ID | United Nations |
| | 2001 | | rok |
| | CONTENTS |
| | CHAPTER 1: Overview . 1 |
| | Introduction 1 |
| | The Connections 2 |
| | Demographic Challenges and Opportunities . 2 |
| | Milestones . 3 |
| | Major Themes of the Report . 4 |
| | Environmental Trends (Chapter 2) 4 |
| | Development, Poverty, and |
| | Environmental Impact (Chapter 3) 6 |
| | Women and the Environment (Chapter 4) . 7 |
| | Health and the Environment (Chapter 5) . 7 |
| | Action for Sustainable and |
| | Equitable Development (Chapter 6) 8 |
| | Cultural Change, Population and Environment . 9 |
| | CHAPTER 2: Environmental Trends . 11 |
| | Water and Population 11 |
| | Water Availability . 12 |
| | Water Quality 13 |
| | New Challenges . 13 |
| | Feeding a Future World . 14 |
| | Problems of Food-Deficit Countries 15 |
| | The Value of Genetic Diversity . 17 |
| | The Meat Consumption Revolution . 17 |
| | Moving Towards Food Security 17 |
| | Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change 19 |
| | Population and Climate Policy . 20 |
| | Forests, Habitat and Biodiversity 22 |
| | Regional Environmental Trends 23 |
| | Asia and the Pacific 23 |
| | Africa 24 |
| | Latin America and the Caribbean . 25 |
| | Western Asia . 25 |
| | CHAPTER 3: Developmental Levels and |
| | Environmental Impact . 27 |
| | Determining the Impact of Human Activity . 27 |
| | Poverty and the Environment 28 |
| | A Complex Interaction . 28 |
| | Globalization and Poverty . 29 |
| | Measuring Poverty’s Dimensions . 30 |
| | Win-win Solutions for Poverty |
| | and the Environment . 30 |
| | Energy and Poverty 31 |
| | Rural Development and Population . 31 |
| | Urbanization . 32 |
| | Pollution 33 |
| | Loss of Farmland 33 |
| | Problems of Growth . 34 |
| | Wasteful Consumption Patterns . 34 |
| | Humanity’s ‘Ecological Footprint’ . 35 |
| | Environmental Refugees 36 |
| | CHAPTER 4: Women and the Environment 37 |
| | How Environmental Degradation Affects Women . 38 |
| | Powerlessness and Its Impact 39 |
| | Involving Women in Environmental |
| | and Health Decisions . 40 |
| | Forging New Relationships 41 |
| | CHAPTER 5: Health and the Environment 42 |
| | Demographic Change and Health . 43 |
| | Pollution and Health Threats 43 |
| | Heavy Metals . 44 |
| | Nuclear Contamination . 44 |
| | Reproductive Health and the Environment 45 |
| | Reproductive Health Service Challenges 45 |
| | Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants 45 |
| | HIV/AIDS and the Environment 46 |
| | Biodiversity Loss and Health . 47 |
| | Effects of Climate Change . 48 |
| | CHAPTER 6: Action for Sustainable and |
| | Equitable Development . 49 |
| | A New Consensus . 49 |
| | Multilateral Environmental Agreements 49 |
| | Initiatives Linking Population |
| | and the Environment . 50 |
| | Africa 50 |
| | Asia 51 |
| | Latin America 51 |
| | North America 51 |
| | Needed Resources and Technical Assistance 52 |
| | Assessing the Costs of Inaction . 52 |
| | Environmental Paybacks from |
| | Population-related Investments . 53 |
| | Environmental ‘Externalities’ to Child-bearing . 53 |
| | Alternative Scenarios 54 |
| | Changes in Age Structure . 54 |
| | Recommendations for Action 55 |
| | APPENDIX: Global Agreements on Human Rights, Environment and Development, Reproductive |
| | Health and Gender Equality . 59 |
| | Human Rights Treaties 59 |
| | UN Conference on Environment and Development 59 |
| | International Conference on Population and Development 60 |
| | Fourth World Conference on Women 61 |
| | World Summit on Social Development . 61 |
| | The Millennium Declaration . 61 |
| | NOTES 62 |