The Baltic Sea: A Roadmap to Recovery

2,91

MB

28

stron

5551

ID

Greenpeace International

2006

rok

Contents

executive summary 5

abbreviations 6

1. INTRODUCTION 7

2. THREATS TO MARINE LIFE IN THE BALTIC SEA 8

2.1 EUTROPHICATION 8

2.1.1 Nitrogen and phosphorus 8

2.1.2 Anoxic sediments lead to internal loading 8

2.2 TOXIC CONTAMINATION 8

2.2.1 Heavy metals 8

2.2.2 Organic compounds 9

2.3 FISHERIES 9

2.3.1 Cod 9

2.3.2 Herring and Sprat 9

2.3.3 Salmon 10

2.3.4 Fisheries impact on ecosystems and biodiversity 10

2.3.5 Destructive fishing techniques 11

2.3.6 Bycatch and discards 11

2.3.7 Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing 12

2.4 SAND AND GRAVEL EXTRACTION 13

2.5 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION 13

2.6 SHIPPING 13

2.6.1 Oil transport 13

2.6.2 Introduction of alien species 14

2.7 CLIMATE CHANGE 14

3. MARINE RESERVES - A TOOL FOR CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION 15

3.1 DEFINITION 15

3.2 MARINE RESERVES AS A TOOL FOR CONSERVATION 17

3.3 MARINE RESERVES AS A TOOL FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT 18

3.4 MARINE RESERVES - OTHER BENEFITS 18

3.5 SIZE, SCALING AND CONNECTIVITY OF MARINE RESERVES 19

3.6 GREENPEACE PROPOSAL 19

4. CARING FOR THE REST OF THE SEA 21

5. A CHANGED POLITICAL CONTEXT 22

5.1 INTRODUCTION 22

5.2 MOVING TOWARDS A BALTIC ACTION PLAN FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE

ENVIRONMENT 22

5.3 FULFILLING A POLITICAL PROMISE - MAKING MARINE RESERVES HAPPEN 24

6. RECOMMENDATIONS 25

bibliography 26

endnotes 27