DRAFT TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PHENOL

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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

2006

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CONTENTS

DISCLAIMER .ii

UPDATE STATEMENT .iii

FOREWORD .v

QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERSvii

CONTRIBUTORSix

PEER REVIEW xi

CONTENTSxiii

LIST OF FIGURES .xvii

LIST OF TABLESxix

1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT1

1.1 WHAT IS PHENOL? 1

1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO PHENOL WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?.2

1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO PHENOL? .3

1.4 HOW CAN PHENOL ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY? 4

1.5 HOW CAN PHENOL AFFECT MY HEALTH? .5

1.6 HOW CAN PHENOL AFFECT CHILDREN?.7

1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO PHENOL? 8

1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO

PHENOL? .9

1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT

HUMAN HEALTH?.9

1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION? .10

2. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH .13

2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO PHENOL IN THE UNITED STATES

.13

2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS14

2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS (MRLs) .18

3. HEALTH EFFECTS.29

3.1 INTRODUCTION29

3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE 29

3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure 30

3.2.2 Oral Exposure.53

3.2.3 Dermal Exposure.83

3.3 GENOTOXICITY .96

3.4 TOXICOKINETICS101

3.4.1 Absorption102

3.4.2 Distribution .105

3.4.3 Metabolism.109

3.4.4 Elimination and Excretion.113

3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models .116

3.5 MECHANISMS OF ACTION 121

3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms.121

3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity123

3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations .124

3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS124

3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY.126

3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT 130

3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Phenol131

3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Phenol132

3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS 132

3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE.133

3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS. 133

3.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure 134

3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden.135

3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects .135

3.12 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE135

3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Phenol136

3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs .138

3.12.3 Ongoing Studies147

4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION149

4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY.149

4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES149

5. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL153

5.1 PRODUCTION .153

5.2 IMPORT/EXPORT .153

5.3 USE.153

5.4 DISPOSAL.157

6. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE .159

6.1 OVERVIEW.159

6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT161

6.2.1 Air 161

6.2.2 Water164

6.2.3 Soil .165

6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE165

6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning.165

6.3.2 Transformation and Degradation 166

6.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT.169

6.4.1 Air 169

6.4.2 Water170

6.4.3 Sediment and Soil .173

6.4.4 Other Environmental Media173

6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE .174

6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN.176

6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES .178

6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE180

6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs .180

6.8.2 Ongoing Studies 183

7. ANALYTICAL METHODS .185

7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS.185

7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES188

7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE193

7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs .193

7.3.2 Ongoing Studies 194

8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES .197

9. REFERENCES .203

10. GLOSSARY .233

APPENDICES

A. ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS .A-1

B. USER’S GUIDE. B-1

C. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS C-1

D. INDEX .D-1