Geographic Modeling of El Niño Southern Oscillation Influence

8,39

MB

on Remotely Sensed Global Nutrient Distribution Patterns –

174

stron

Applications to Science and Geographic Information Systems

Education

5561

ID

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

2002

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES IX

LIST OF FIGURES X

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 MARINE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 5

2.2 REMOTELY SENSED GLOBAL NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTIONS 7

2.3 GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATE, PHOSPHATE, SILICATE AND IRON 12

2.4 EL NIÑO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION PHENOMENA 14

2.5 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS EDUCATION 16

2.6 INTERNET AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS EDUCATION 21

2.7 EARTH SYSTEMS SCIENCE CURRICULUM AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

EDUCATION 22

3. OBJECTIVES 25

4. DATA AND METHODS 26

4.1 OVERVIEW 27

4.1.1 STUDY AREA SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE DEFINITION 27

4.1.2 DATA SELECTION AND PREPROCESSING 29

4.1.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature 29

4.1.2.2 Nutrient Depletion Temperature 30

4.1.2.3 Ocean Color and Aerosol Optical Thickness 32

4.1.3 EDUCATIONAL CD-ROM MULTIMEDIA TOOL 34

4.1.3.1 Background Materials 35

4.1.3.2 Instructional Materials 37

4.1.3.3 Annotated Informational Hyperlinks 40

4.1.3.4 ArcView Example Project 41

4.2 METHODOLOGY 43

4.2.1 STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF STUDY DATA 43

4.2.2 GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSES 44

4.2.2.1 Kriging Interpolation Method 46

4.2.2.2 SST and NDT Data Interpolation 48

4.2.3 SPATIAL MODELING 49

4.2.3.1 Composite Nutrient Presence/Absence Grids 49

4.2.3.2 Composite Ecological Indicator Presence/Absence Grids 51

4.2.4 EDUCATIONAL MULTIMEDIA TOOL EVALUATION 54

5. RESULTS 56

5.1 CHLOROPHYLL CLASSIFICATION 56

5.2 EVALUATION INSTRUMENT 61

6. DISCUSSION 64

6.1 ENSO INFLUENCE 64

6.2 EDUCATIONAL MULTIMEDIA TOOL EFFECTIVENESS 67

7. CONCLUSIONS 69

8. FURTHER STUDY 71

9. REFERENCES 74

APPENDIX A: STUDY DATA STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 86

APPENDIX B: NDT SEMI-VARIOGRAM MODELING 90

APPENDIX C: SST & NDT SPATIAL INTERPOLATION PARAMETERS 93

APPENDIX D: OCEAN COLOR & AOT PROJECTION PARAMETERS 94

APPENDIX E: METHODOLOGY FLOWCHARTS 96

APPENDIX F: 16 CATEGORY COMPOSITE PHYTOPLANKTON PRESENCE/ABSENCE MAPS 98

APPENDIX G: MONTHLY PHYTOPLANKTON PRESENCE 104

APPENDIX H: INTER-ANNUAL & INTRA-ANNUAL VARIATION 105

APPENDIX I: CD-ROM README FILE 107

APPENDIX J: TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION 112

APPENDIX K: ANNOTATED HYPERLINKS-- TEACHER VERSION 124

APPENDIX L: STUDENT INSTRUCTIONAL PAGES 134

APPENDIX M: EVALUATION INSTRUMENT 147

APPENDIX N: MULTIMEDIA TOOL EVALUATION RESULTS 158