Europe's environment: The fourth assessment

111,

MB

452

stron

5581

ID

European Environment Agency

2007

rok

Contents

Abbreviations and acronyms.5

Acknowledgements. 11

Contributors by chapter/section.12

Foreword. 16

1 Europe's environment in an age of transition.19

1.1 Is the pan-European region meeting its environmental challenges?.20

1.2 Key socio-economic developments across the pan-European region

1.3 Towards pan-European sustainable development .36

1.4 Assessing the pan-European state of the environment46

2 Environment and health and the quality of life.53

2.0 Introduction54

2.1 Environment and health perspective.56

2.2 Air quality.72

2.3 Inland waters90

2.4 Soil114

2.5 Hazardous chemicals126

3 Climate change.145

3.1 The challenge: tackling climate change.147

3.2 Climate change and its impact 149

3.3 Interaction between climate change and ozone-layer depletion.159

3.4 Greenhouse gas emissions 161

3.5 Mitigation168

3.6 Adaptation to climate change.172

4 Biodiversity 175

4.1 The commitment: halting biodiversity loss by 2010.177

4.2 The case: Europe's threatened biodiversity177

4.3 Providing a backbone: ecological networks186

4.4 Achieving sustainable use: forestry and agriculture.192

4.5 Controlling invasive alien species.199

4.6 Getting the message across: monitoring and public awareness.202

5 Marine and coastal environment.207

5.1 Introduction .210

5.2 Policies to protect pan‑European seas 212

5.3 Main issues on the state of the marine and coastal environment in the pan-European region. 215

6 Sustainable consumption and production. 251

6.1 Introduction254

6.2 Production and resource use255

6.3 Consumption.266

6.4 Waste.277

7 Sectors that drive environmental change. 291

7.0 Introduction292

7.1 Agriculture294

7.2 Transport306

7.3 Energy.322

7.4 Tourism340

Annexes 357

Annex 1 Legal instruments358

Annex 2 Country statistics375

Annex 3 International comparisons384

References 411