| | Review of life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis on |
| | 2,42 | | MB | the recovery and disposal of paper and cardboard: Paper and |
| | 160 | | stron | cardboard — recovery or disposal? |
| | 5587 | | ID | European Environment Agency |
| | 2006 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | Preface 3 |
| | 1 Executive summary.6 |
| | 1.1 Background. 6 |
| | 1.2 Summary of the LCA review 7 |
| | 1.3 Summary of the CBA review 8 |
| | 1.4 Overall conclusion, LCA and CBA reviews10 |
| | REVIEW OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT |
| | Summary. 14 |
| | 1 Introduction17 |
| | 1.1 Background17 |
| | 1.2 Objective and scope of the study.17 |
| | 1.3 Main activities carried out in the study.17 |
| | 2 Inventory of existing studies19 |
| | 2.1 Literature basis.19 |
| | 3 Framework for the assessment of the LCA studies21 |
| | 3.1 Selection of the LCA studies21 |
| | 3.2 Selected studies24 |
| | 3.3 Criteria used for the analysis of the LCA studies27 |
| | 4 Results and conclusions32 |
| | 4.1 Justification and transparency of the key assumptions in the LCA studies32 |
| | 4.2 Distribution of the results of the reviewed LCAs.33 |
| | 4.3 Recycling versus landfilling.34 |
| | 4.4 Recycling versus incineration44 |
| | 4.5 Significance of key assumptions on the outcome of the study46 |
| | 5 Conclusions and outlook.51 |
| | 5.1 Conclusions51 |
| | 5.2 Outlook52 |
| | Annex 1: Complete list of LCA references55 |
| | Annex 2: Complete list of contacts established with institutions in Europe.63 |
| | Annex 3: Description of the processing of used paper.65 |
| | Annex 4: Summary matrices of the analysed LCA studies68 |
| | Annex 5: Result tables. 81 |
| | Contents |
| | Paper and cardboard — recovery or disposal? |
| | REVIEW OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS |
| | 1 Introduction92 |
| | 1.1 Objectives92 |
| | 1.2 Approach and methodology92 |
| | 2 CBA methodology94 |
| | 3 Presentation of four guidelines.97 |
| | 4 Inventory of existing CBA studies. 100 |
| | 5 Methodology for the review101 |
| | 5.1 Criteria used to select the CBA studies.101 |
| | 5.2 Selected studies101 |
| | 5.3 Criteria used for the review of CBA studies.106 |
| | 6 Results and discussion108 |
| | 6.1 Review of objectives and system delimitation108 |
| | 6.2 Environmental review110 |
| | 6.3 Economic review.121 |
| | 7 Conclusions and outlook.130 |
| | 7.1 Analysis of system delimitation and methodology130 |
| | 7.2 Similarities in assumptions and conclusions131 |
| | 7.3 Essential assumptions for the outcome of the studies.131 |
| | 7.4 Outlook132 |
| | Annex 1: References. 134 |
| | Annex 2: Complete list of contacts established with institutions in Europe.140 |
| | Annex 3: Scenarios and conclusions 141 |
| | Annex 4: Inclusion of 15 key criteria. 143 |
| | Annex 5: Economic conclusions in studies. 144 |
| | Annex 6: Presentation of the four guidelines. 150 |