Guidelines on best available techniques and provisional

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guidance on best environmental practices relevant to Article 5

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and Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent

Organic Pollutants

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United Nations Environment Programme

2004

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Table of contents

SECTION I. INTRODUCTION . 1

I.A. PURPOSE 2

I.B. STRUCTURE OF DOCUMENT AND USING GUIDELINES AND GUIDANCE 3

I.C. CHEMICALS LISTED IN ANNEX C: DEFINITION, RISKS, TOXICITY. 4

I.D. ARTICLE 5 AND ANNEX C OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION 8

I.E. RELATIONSHIP TO THE BASEL CONVENTION . 13

SECTION II. CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES IN THE APPLICATION OF BEST

AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES 15

II.A. CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES IN THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION. 16

II.B. CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES FOR NEW SOURCES: A CHECKLIST APPROACH 17

II.C. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION. 19

SECTION III. BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES AND BEST ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES:

GUIDANCE, PRINCIPLES AND CROSS-CUTTING CONSIDERATIONS 21

III.A. GUIDANCE . 22

III.B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 24

III.C. CROSS-CUTTING CONSIDERATIONS: . 26

(i) Chemicals listed in Annex C: Formation mechanisms 26

(ii) Waste management considerations 28

(iii) Management of flue gas and other residues 32

(iv) Training of decision makers and technical personnel . 42

(v) Testing, monitoring and reporting of releases. 43

SECTION IV. COMPILATION OF SUMMARIES. 45

IV. COMPILATION OF SUMMARIES OF SECTIONS V AND VI 46

SUMMARIES BY SOURCE CATEGORIES – PART II OF ANNEX C . 46

V.A. Waste incinerators 46

V.B. Cement kilns firing hazardous waste . 47

V.C. Production of pulp using elemental chlorine or chemicals generating elemental chlorine. 48

V.D Thermal processes in the metallurgical industry: . 48

SUMMARIES BY SOURCE CATEGORIES – PART III OF ANNEX C 49

VI.A. Open burning of waste, including burning of landfill sites . 49

VI.B. Thermal processes in the metallurgical industry not mentioned in Annex C, Part II: . 50

VI.C. Residential combustion sources . 51

VI.D. Fossil fuel-fired utility and industrial boilers 52

VI.E. Firing installations for wood and other biomass fuels 52

VI.F. Specific chemical production processes releasing chemicals listed in Annex C 53

VI.G. Crematoria 53

VI.H. Motor vehicles, particularly those burning leaded gasoline 53

VI.I. Destruction of animal carcasses 54

VI.J. Textile and leather dyeing and finishing 54

VI.K. Shredder plants for the treatment of end-of-life vehicles . 54

VI.L. Smouldering of copper cables 55

VI.M. Waste oil refineries . 55

SECTION V. GUIDANCE/GUIDELINES BY SOURCE CATEGORY: SOURCE CATEGORIES IN

PART II OF ANNEX C57

V.A. WASTE INCINERATORS .58

(i) Municipal solid waste, hazardous waste and sewage sludge 58

(ii) Medical waste.82

V.B. CEMENT KILNS FIRING HAZARDOUS WASTE .101

V.C. PRODUCTION OF PULP USING ELEMENTAL CHLORINE OR CHEMICALS GENERATING

ELEMENTAL CHLORINE .116

V.D. THERMAL PROCESSES IN THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY127

(i) Secondary copper production.127

(ii) Sinter plants in the iron and steel industry.135

(iii) Secondary aluminium production.146

(iv) Secondary zinc production154

SECTION VI. GUIDANCE/GUIDELINES BY SOURCE CATEGORY SOURCE CATEGORIES IN

PART III OF ANNEX C .161

VI.A. OPEN BURNING OF WASTE, INCLUDING BURNING OF LANDFILL SITES162

VI.B. THERMAL PROCESSES IN THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY NOT MENTIONED IN ANNEX

C, PART II 173

(i) Secondary lead production .173

(ii) Primary aluminium production 181

(iii) Magnesium production .191

(iv) Secondary steel production.201

(v) Primary base metals smelting.214

VI.C. RESIDENTIAL COMBUSTION SOURCES.224

VI.D. FOSSIL FUEL FIRED UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL BOILERS .235

VI.E. FIRING INSTALLATIONS FOR WOOD AND OTHER BIOMASS FUELS.249

VI.F. SPECIFIC CHEMICAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES RELEASING CHEMICALS LISTED IN

ANNEX C 260

VI.G. CREMATORIA.279

VI.H. MOTOR VEHICLES, PARTICULARLY THOSE BURNING LEADED GASOLINE.287

VI.I. DESTRUCTION OF ANIMAL CARCASSES.292

VI.J. TEXTILE AND LEATHER DYEING AND FINISHING 302

VI.K. SHREDDER PLANTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES308

VI.L. SMOULDERING OF COPPER CABLES 309

VI.M. WASTE OIL REFINERIES.313