Country Capacity Development Needs and Priorities

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United Nations Environment Programme

2000

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii

RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ix

RÉSUMÉ ANALYTIQUE xviii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background and Objectives of the Capacity Development Initiative 1

1.2 Conceptual Framework for Capacity Development 1

1.3 Methodology for Assessing Countries’ Capacity Development Needs and Priorities 2

CHAPTER 2 CAPACITY NEEDS IN BIODIVERSITY (FAIZAL PARISH / HAMID ZAKRI) 4

2.1 National Commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity 4

2.2 National Priorities and Processes for Addressing Global Biodiversity and CBD Obligations 7

2.3 Capacity Constraints and Needs 8

I. AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE 9

II. NATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORKS 9

III. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS 10

IV. INSTITUTIONAL MANDATES AND JURISDICTIONS, COORDINATION, AND

DECENTRALIZATION 11

V. INFORMATION AND DATA MANAGEMENT 13

VI. INCENTIVE SYSTEMS, VALUATION AND ECONOMICS 14

VII. PARTICIPATION OF THE FULL RANGE OF STAKEHOLDERS, IN PARTICULAR LOCAL

COMMUNITIES, INDIGENOUS GROUPS AND NON- GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS, IN THE

MANAGEMENT OF BIODIVERSITY 15

VIII. REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY COOPERATION FRAMEWORKS 16

IX. NEGOTIATION 17

X. INTERNAL ORGANIZATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS 17

XI. HUMAN RESOURCES 18

XII. FINANCIAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENT 19

XIII. IN-SITU MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTED AREAS 22

XIV. BIOSAFETY AND THE CARTAGENA PROTOCOL 23

2.4 Conclusions 23

CHAPTER 3 CAPACITY NEEDS IN CLIMATE CHANGE (DANIEL BOUILLE) 24

3.1 National commitments under the Convention 24

MAIN COMMITMENTS 24

ADDITIONAL COMMITMENTS OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL 25

3.2 National issues for addressing global environmental convention obligations 26

3.3 National Priorities and Key Capacity Needs 28

PRIORITIES OF NON-ANNEX I COUNTRIES AND RELATED CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS AND

NEEDS 28

I. VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION (V&A): 28

II. COMPREHENSIVE AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE

ISSUE: 30

III. OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT: 31

IV. ABATEMENT OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: 32

V. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM): 33

VI. TRANSFER OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGIES: 34

VII. NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY: 34

VIII. CONVENTION NEGOTIATION CAPACITY: 35

IX. CROSS-CONVENTION SYNERGIES: 36

PRIORITIES OF ANNEX I COUNTRIES AND RELATED CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS AND NEEDS

37

I. MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION 37

II. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS 38

III. INFORMATION SYSTEMS, MONITORING AND NATIONAL REPORTING 40

3.4 Preliminary Conclusions 40

I. TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC MATTERS 40

II. ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES -- INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION 41

III. POLICY AND DECISION MAKING PROCESS 41

CHAPTER 4 CAPACITY NEEDS IN LAND DEGRADATION (SHEKHAR SINGH) 42

4.1 National Commitments under the Convention 42

4.2 GEF’s role and approach to land degradation prevention and control 43

4.3 National priorities for the prevention of land degradation 43

I. ASSESSMENT 44

II. AWARENESS 44

III. ACTION 45

4.4 Key capacity needs 46

I. ANTICIPATION AND MONITORING OF LAND DEGRADATION 46

II. INFORMATION SHARING AND DISSEMINATION 47

III. PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR BETTER LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 48

IV. SUPPORT FROM POLITICIANS AND OTHER DECISION-MAKERS FOR ENFORCING

PROPER LAND USE PRACTICES 49

V. EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF CURRENT POLICIES AND ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS 50

VI. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION

AND METHODS FOR PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING IT 52

VII. FINANCIAL RESOURCES 53

4.5 Conclusions 54

CHAPTER 5 SPECIAL NEEDS OF SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES (ALBERT BINGER) 55

5.1 The Challenge of Sustainable Development 55

5.2 The SIDS Context 55

5.3 SIDS capacity status, priorities/needs and challenges 56

5.4 Conclusion 57

I. NATIONAL LEVEL 57

II. REGIONAL LEVEL 58

III. INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 59

CHAPTER 6 CURRENT APPROACHES TO CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND LESSONS

LEARNED 60

6.1 Current approaches 60

EMPHASIS ON INDIVIDUAL AND INSTITUTIONAL LEVELS 60

LIMITED REGIONAL COOPERATION 61

LACK OF NEEDS ASSESSMENT 62

6.2 Lessons learned 63

CHAPTER 7 SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS 66

7.1 Priority Issues 66

BIODIVERSITY 66

CLIMATE CHANGE 67

LAND DEGRADATION 67

7.2 Country Capacity Needs 68

I. AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE 68

II. NATIONAL POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS 68

III. INSTITUTIONAL MANDATES, COORDINATION, AND PROCESSES FOR INTERACTION AND

COOPERATION BETWEEN

ALL STAKEHOLDERS 68

IV. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, MONITORING AND OBSERVATION 68

V. MOBILIZATION OF SCIENCE IN SUPPORT OF DECISION MAKING 69

VI. FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 69

VII. INCENTIVE SYSTEMS AND MARKET INSTRUMENTS 69

VIII. NEGOTIATION 69

IX. COOPERATION AND NETWORKING WITHIN REGIONS 70

X. INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE 70

XI. INDIVIDUAL SKILLS AND MOTIVATION 70

7.3 Current Approaches and Lessons Learned 70

7.4 Conclusions 71

Annexes

Annex 1: Guiding questions for assessing capacity needs at systemic, institutional, individual

levels 73

Annex 2: Indicative reference lists used by regional experts to define substantive context for

capacity development under each thematic area 74

Annex 3: List of Questionnaire Recipients 77

Annex 4: Agreed Criteria for the Selection Of In-Country Studies 78

Annex 5: Report on CDI Regional Workshops 79

Africa 79

Asia and the Pacific 81

Eastern Europe and Central Asia 84

Latin America and the Caribbean 89

Small Island Developing States 93